RUBBLE ALONG THE ROAD: DETERMINING THE FUNCTION AND DATE OF OCCUPATON FOR A STRUCTURE ON ORTON PLANTATION by Wesley Nimmo April, 2019 Director of Thesis: Dr. Charles R. Ewen Major Department: Anthropology There is little known about the daily lives of the enslaved and tenant farming African Americans who lived in the Lower Cape Fear region of North Carolina during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Even on the larger plantations in the region, the locations of their communities are often unknown. A combination of historical research and archaeological investigation was used to gain more insight into the use and dates of occupation of a structure on Orton Plantation, focusing on an area previously identified as a 19th century African American community. The structure excavated during the 2018 University of North Carolina Wilmington archaeological field school was occupied between the late antebellum period and the early 20th century, and was a cabin occupied by enslaved/tenant farming African Americans. Following the structure’s identification, an effort was made to reconnect the names of African American individuals who once lived on or near Orton Plantation with three historic communities in the area. These communities were historically known as Dark Branch, Marsh Branch, and Orton. Now that physical evidence of the community at Orton, which was suggested to exist in the historical record, has been found archaeologically, further research questions can be explored surrounding aspects of the African American experience in this region during and directly after the end of slavery. RUBBLE ALONG THE ROAD: DETERMINING THE FUNCTION AND DATE OF OCCUPATON FOR A STRUCTURE ON ORTON PLANTATION A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Arts in Anthropology by Wesley Nimmo April, 2019 © Wesley Nimmo, 2019 RUBBLE ALONG THE ROAD: DETERMINING THE FUNCTION AND DATE OF OCCUPATION FOR A STRUCTURE ON ORTON PLANTATION By Wesley Nimmo APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS:________________________________________________________________________ (Charles R. Ewen, Ph.D.) COMMITTEE MEMBER:__________________________________________________________ (I Randolph Daniel, Jr., Ph.D.) COMMITTEE MEMBER:__________________________________________________________ (Holly Mathews, Ph.D.) CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY:____________________________________________________________ (I Randolph Daniel, Jr., Ph.D.) DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL:____________________________________________________________ Paul J Gemperline, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is the result of many hours of work completed over the past year, but I have not travelled on this journey alone. None of this would have been possible without the support of many people, including advisors, other researchers, many friends, and my family. I would first like to thank Dr. Charles Ewen, who guided me through the entire process of producing this thesis. His door was always open, whether I needed help organizing my argument or just wanted to share the newest bit of information I had learned. I would also like to thank Dr. Nora Reber, for inviting me to work with her during the 2018 field school as her assistant, and then allowing me to use the data gathered from the excavation for this thesis. She has helped me learn the methods of archaeological excavation as an undergraduate, and gave me the opportunity to sharpen those skills and teach them to others in my graduate education. I would like to thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Randy Daniel and Dr. Holly Mathews, for helping me to reflect on my arguments and improve in my writing. Also, I want to recognize the students who participated in the 2018 UNCW field school, who were willing to descend into “the pit” in order to recover the data used in this study. In particular, I would like to thank Megan Shuck, who was present in the lab throughout the entire process of cleaning, cataloging, and further analyzing the artifacts, even coming into the lab to help eight months after the field school had ended. I want to also thank Mr. Eugene Vaught and Mr. Willie Sloan for participating in the field school and helping to connect the present to the past in their discussions with the students while we excavated on the plantation. Back in Greenville, I have had the support of my friends from my graduate cohort, who have provided laugher, listening ears, and shoulders to lean on over the past two years. I cannot think of seven other people I would have rather had by my side during this experience. Over the past two years, I have travelled many miles between Wilmington and Greenville to complete the research and education requirements of this program. My friends back in Wilmington supported me every step of the way, and were even understanding all those mornings I accidentally woke them up when leaving before sunrise to make it to Greenville. I would especially like to thank my boyfriend Drew Sellitto, whose love and encouragement helped me to survive graduate school. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Linda and Pete Nimmo, who have supported me and my love of learning since I began going to school. They are the reason I have been able to get this far in my education, and everything I do is reflective of their belief in me to be whatever I dream of being, even an archaeologist. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2 – BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................3 Historical Background of Orton Plantation .........................................................................3 Historical Background of Excavation Area .......................................................................28 Archaeological Background ...............................................................................................31 CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................33 CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS .............................................................................................................40 CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................53 Antebellum Development and Occupation ........................................................................53 Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century Occupation .......................................................59 CHAPTER 6 – AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES .........................................................61 Chapter Organization and Methods ...................................................................................64 The Development of the Three Communities (1860s – 1870s) .........................................67 The Communities in 1880 ..................................................................................................71 The Fate of the 1890 Census and Information from Other Sources ..................................74 The Communities in 1900 ..................................................................................................75 The Communities in 1910 ..................................................................................................78 The Communities in 1920 ..................................................................................................81 The Communities in 1930 ..................................................................................................84 The Communities in 1940 ..................................................................................................87 The Households of the Orton Community .........................................................................90 CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................101 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................................106 APPENDIX A: HISTORICAL MAPS OF THE EXCAVATION AREA ..................................119 APPENDIX B: CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE ..............................................................................128 APPENDIX C: AFRICAN AMERICAN CEMETERY LISTS ..................................................131 APPENDIX D: CENSUS LISTINGS ..........................................................................................141 APPENDIX E: UNCW ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SCHOOL FORMS ..............................256 APPENDIX F: LIST OF UNCW FIELD SCHOOL STUDENT PARTICIPANTS ...................260 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Layout of the Excavation Area ..................................................................................................35 2. Mean Ceramic Date Formula .....................................................................................................39 3. Image of the Chimney Base Feature ..........................................................................................41 4. Shell-Edge Pearlware .................................................................................................................48 5. Blue Banded/Annular Pearlware ................................................................................................49 6. Blue Transferprint Pearlware .....................................................................................................49 7. Hand-Painted Pearlware .............................................................................................................50 8. Salt Glazed Stoneware ...............................................................................................................50 9. Green Glazed Bricks ..................................................................................................................51 10. White Glazed Bricks ................................................................................................................51 11. Burned Refined Earthenware ...................................................................................................52 12. Kate Moore (Sprunt 1980) .......................................................................................................63 13. Map of Brunswick County, Showing Townships and African American Communities .........65 14. Locations of 1878 Coastal Chart Houses Over Aerial Image of Site Area .............................92 15. Georeferenced 1888 Coastal Chart with location of chimney base feature shown ................ 98 16. Jeffery Lawrence (Block 1998) ...............................................................................................99 17. Christianna Delts (jdavis914’s Ancestry.com Account) ..........................................................99 18. Clarence Jones (Bernard 2014) ..............................................................................................100 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION Beneath the avenue of moss covered oaks on Orton Plantation lie several small piles of brick and stone rubble, which would exist unnoticed by most passers-by. This thesis examines what was found underneath the southernmost of these rubble piles, along with historical documents relating to the plantation in general, the specific area investigated, and those people who most likely inhabited this space. These archaeological and historical sources were used to investigate the function that the structure, represented by the brick and ballast stone remains, served and the dates that it was occupied. A study of the African American communities that were established on and around Orton plantation was also done, in order to better understand the identities of those that occupied the structures located on the archaeological site investigated here (31BW787). Orton Plantation is located along the western bank of the Cape Fear River, in Brunswick County, North Carolina. The plantation features significantly in the historical narrative of the local area, particularly in the 20th century when it operated as a garden and was one of the major locations for the Azealia Festival, an annual festival celebrated in the nearby town of Wilmington. It is also well known for its history as a working rice plantation, though the depth of research on this topic has varied over time. More recent work, particularly by the Chicora Foundation, has revealed a more structured timeline for the plantation, from its beginnings as one of the first colonial properties in the area, up to the present. The site discussed in this thesis is located along the southern entrance road to Orton, adjacent to one of the largest rice fields on the plantation. In 2012, the Chicora Foundation, a non-profit heritage preservation organization, identified the area as a possible 19th century African American site. In May and June of 2018, the University of North Carolina Wilmington carried out a field school, under the direction of Dr. Nora Reber, to gain a better understanding of the site. The southernmost pile was selected for excavation, with Dr. Reber’s main goal being an investigation of both the structure represented by the rubble and the yard spaces around it. I combined the findings from the field school with historical research to better understand the purpose of the structure and surrounding site, and also determine the time periods when it was built and then abandoned. I hypothesize that the structure was built as part of a settlement for enslaved African Americans that worked in Orton’s rice fields during the Antebellum Period, and then following emancipation, it was used to house African American tenants who worked at Orton in varying capacities, from the agricultural fields to the gardens of the 20th century. 2 CHAPTER 2 – BACKGROUND Historical Background of Orton Plantation The site excavated by the 2018 University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) Archaeological Field School is located on Orton Plantation, along the Cape Fear River in Brunswick County, North Carolina. The plantation was established by “King” Roger Moore in 1728. Moore was one of the sons of the powerful James Moore of South Carolina, who was a governor and Indian trader. Prior to the plantation’s establishment, the Lower Cape Fear region was inhabited by Native Americans. The only native group known to have occupied this area historically were the Cape Fear Indians. Their closest settlement to the site is believed to have been a village called Necoes, which has yet to be located archaeologically. In 1663, William Hilton attempted to form a colony, called Charles Town, about six miles north of what would become Orton Plantation. He mentioned visiting Necoes on his second trip to the Cape Fear region, and it is possible that the village was in this area (Hilton 1664:9). The Charles Town settlement failed by 1667, most likely due to negative relations with the Natives and a lack of support from the Lords Proprietors and the newly appointed governor of Carolina, Sir John Yeamans (Wood 2004:46). The establishment of Orton Plantation in the early 18th century occurred during a period of mixed relationships between the colonists and the Lords Proprietors, a group of eight men who were given ownership of the Carolina colony by King Charles II in the 17th century (Powell 1990:53-54). Both James Moore and his son Roger opposed their rule, though they also found themselves aligned with the Lord’s Proprietors for short periods of time (Trinkley et al. 2015:16- 19). During the early 1720s, George Burrington became the new proprietary governor of Carolina, and explored the Cape Fear region. In 1725 he began granting land in that area without the permission of the Lords Proprietors, which led to an argument over land ownership lasting through the late 1730s. The arguments over the land ownership issue included the families that moved to the Lower Cape Fear, particularly the Moore family, the newest governor of North Carolina, Gabriel Johnson, and members of the Board of Trade in London (Lee 1965:92-94; Saunders et al. 1968[3]:210, 488; Saunders et al. 1968[4]:296-307). During the first two decades of the 18th century, two of James Moore’s sons, Maurice and James Jr., were active in the wars with Native Americans in the Carolinas, including the Tuscarora and Yamasee Wars. They both crossed through the Cape Fear area during this period, and were most likely familiar with the area before members of their family began purchasing land from Burrington (Waddell 1909:10; Lee 1965:92; Wood 2004:17). On June 3rd, 1725, following Burrington’s exploration, he granted 1,500 acres to Maurice Moore, Roger Moore’s brother. Using 320 acres of the grant, Maurice Moore laid out a plan for a port town, called Brunswick (New Hanover County Register of Deeds [DB AB]:188). About three years later, on March 30th, 1728, Roger Moore acquired 500 acres as a patent from North Carolina, and Orton Plantation was established on the town’s north side (Secretary of State Land Grant Record Books [B 2]:261). Two more land purchases were made by Roger Moore, expanding the land that became Orton. The first purchase was made on December 14th, 1728, from Maurice Moore, and included 500 acres cut out of Maurice’s original 1,500 (Secretary of State Land Grant Record Books [B 2]:272). Then on May 2nd, 1729, a final grant of 2,000 acres was sold to Roger by North Carolina, establishing the 3,000-acre plantation, which extended from the north side of Brunswick to Lilliput Creek (Secretary of State Land Grant Record Books [B 2]:268). This was not Roger’s first property in the area, as he had acquired land just north of these in 1726, which were also incorporated into his plantation complex, but before his death the 4 earlier lands were separated out into a separate plantation called Kendal (New Hanover County Register of Deeds [DB E]:242). By 1734, Roger Moore was living in a brick house on Orton Plantation, and reference is made to this home in the work, A New Voyage to Georgia by a Young Gentleman (Anonymous 1737:43; Trinkley et al. 2015:32). Not much is known about the agricultural production occurring at Orton during the period of Roger Moore’s ownership, though it appears that the plantation focused on naval stores. This inference is made based on the majority of slaves being described as carpenters in Roger Moore’s will, who would have been needed in the naval stores industry, alongside the absence of slaves listed with skills related to the production of other agricultural commodities. The production of naval stores was the initial industry for most of the plantations that developed in the Lower Cape Fear region in this period (Grimes 1912: 309-311; Wood 2004:186-195; Trinkley et al. 2015:33). Roger Moore died before the end of May in 1751, and his will, previously prepared in 1747, left Orton Plantation to his youngest son, William Moore. Along with the 2,500 acres of land on Orton, William Moore was willed a fifth of his father’s enslaved African Americans and all the livestock on the plantation, though he was directed to pay his brother, George Moore, 100 pounds for his share of the estate (Grimes 1912:310-311). William Moore only owned Orton for three years, before dying in late 1754. Though this was only a short period of ownership, William Moore accumulated a debt of over 1,700 pounds. Orton Plantation was willed to his son, Roger Moore II, who was at that time a minor. The executors of the estate, George and Maurice Moore, were left to manage the property until Roger Moore II became an adult (New Hanover County Register of Deeds [DB D]:134-135). In order to rid the estate of debt, the executors arranged an agreement in 1764 with Richard Quince and William Dry, where the two men were 5 able to manage the plantation until Roger Moore II was old enough to operate it himself, as long as they paid off the debt before this time (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB A]:1-5). During the 1770s, the ownership of Orton becomes difficult to follow, and is known mostly from the deed of Benjamin Smith, who purchased the property in 1796. Roger Moore II should have been old enough to manage the plantation by 1773, and though the property was still listed under the Moore name in 1775, it is unknown whether Roger Moore II ever took control of the property (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:36). Within three years, Richard Quincy, one of the men allowed to operate Orton under the agreement, had gained full ownership over Orton Plantation, and when he died in 1778, he willed the property to several members of his family. Richard Quincy II, one of the executors of his father’s estate, obtained ownership over the plantation and then passed it to his son, Richard Quincy III, after his death in 1783 (New Hanover County Will Book [WB C]:354-355; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB F]:149). Also occurring during the 1770s was the American Revolution, an event in which the Lower Cape Fear region was heavily involved. The only disturbance recorded as occurring at Orton is the possible burning of the plantation’s mill in 1776, which according to maps, was located near what is today Orton Pond (Appendix A). A Major William Davis was stationed on the plantation during the revolution, and could also be the person listed as living at Orton on a 1775 map of North Carolina (Clark and Force 1837:432; Lee 1965:272; Mouzon 1775; Dunkerly 2008:79; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:36). The port town of Brunswick, in which the Moore’s were heavily invested in during the 18th century, was partially burned during the Revolution (South 2010:68, 223). The amount of impact this had on the town is still debated, and it is possible that people continued to inhabit the town following the burning events (Harrup 2017:28). Brunswick was also the site of several events leading up to the war, including the 6 Stamp Act rebellion during the mid-1760s (Sprunt 2005:91-100). Also of note during this decade is that lumber products were still being produced in 1777, displaying that the plantation was probably still invested in the naval stores industry, or at the very least, harvesting pine on the property (North Carolina General Assembly Records, April 25, 1777). After Richard Quincy III’s acquisition of Orton in 1783, almost no documentation of activities on the plantation are seen in the historical record until Benjamin Smith’s purchase of it on January 23, 1796 (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB F]:149). Smith was a prominent figure in North Carolina at the turn of the 19th century, including being a general in the militia, being elected as governor of North Carolina in 1810, and also being on the first board for the University of North Carolina (Grant 1994; Watson 2011:65, 162-170). During the first fifteen years of his ownership, Orton most likely experienced a period of growth. The enslaved population was around 200 in both 1800 and 1810, though numbers for the population are unknown for the period immediately prior, due to the lack of documentation from the 1760s to the 1780s. Smith owned multiple plantations and it is possible that the enslaved persons he claimed in the census for 1800 and 1810, 199 and 204 respectively, were split between these properties, therefore not representing the number living at Orton (United States Census Bureau 1800 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1810 Population Schedule). It is also possible that both rice and cotton were being grown on the plantation. Smith makes reference to a rice crop in a letter sent from his other plantation, Belvedere, in 1797. The location of the rice being produced is not mentioned, so it could have been located either at Belvedere or Orton, or possibly both (North Carolina State Archive, Benjamin Smith File). In 1801, Smith advertised a cotton gin that had been built on Orton, which may have been used to process both Orton’s cotton crop alongside those of the neighboring plantations (The Wilmington Gazette 1801:2). 7 The last fifteen years of Orton’s association with Benjamin Smith were not as prosperous, due to the financial instability caused by his accumulation of debt. Smith’s monetary misfortunes are cited as being caused by many factors, including overspending and being overly generous with donations to others in need. One of the entities that Smith began to accumulate debt with was the Bank of the Cape Fear, after he became a stockholder in the company (Grant 1994; Watson 2011:184-185). In 1812, the ownership of Orton and several of Smith’s other properties were transferred to two agents working for the Bank of the Cape Fear, William B. Myers and John R. London, in order to settle a court judgement of over $25,000. Smith was allowed a three- year extension to pay off the debt owed to the bank, before the properties would be sold at auction (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB F]:139; New Hanover County Register of Deeds [DB P]:402). Before he could pay off his debts to the bank though, Smith was approached by another creditor, further increasing his debt. In early 1815, the properties were seized and sold to the Bank of the Cape Fear, though Orton was only purchased for $2,600, while Belvedere was bought for $9,000, implying that Orton was not as valuable during this period (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB G]:173; Trinkley et al. 2015:38). By April of 1815, the bank had placed Orton up for auction (The Wilmington Gazette 1815:4). Over the next eleven years, Smith’s friends were able to delay the loss of his property, but never fully able to help him escape his debt. In 1816, John F. Burgwin, Smith’s friend and the son of prominent Wilmington and British loyalist John Burgwin, purchased Orton (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB I]:4; Trinkley et al. 2015:38-39). A General Swift visited Orton in 1818 and stated that Smith was living there and depressed by his debt problems (North Carolina Daughters of the Revolution 1911:166-167). Since Smith was still living at the plantation in 1818, it can be assumed that Burgwin saved Orton for Smith, but by 1824, Orton 8 was posted for sale again by the Bank of the Cape Fear (The Cape Fear Recorder 1824:1). By 1820, there were only forty-three slaves living on Orton, suggesting that most of them had been sold to help pay off Smith’s debts (United States Census Bureau 1820 Population Schedule; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:39). It is also possible that he could have moved several of the enslaved to other plantations or hired them out to other places, since creditors cited this as an issue they dealt with when attempting to seize them from Smith in order to repay debts (Watson 2011:189). In the 1820s, Smith moved off of Orton and into a small home in Smithville. Smith died in early 1826 and within a few months, his old home and property were sold (Watson 2011:196). Following the period of Smith’s financial problems, Orton entered a period of growth and development, with increasing numbers of enslaved individuals living on the plantation and a greater number of crops being produced. In 1826, following the many years of financial turmoil the plantation had experienced, the Bank of Cape Fear was able to sell the property. Joseph Alston Hill purchased the plantation, but he did not hold it for long; on May 24th of the same year he sold it to his cousin, Dr. Frederick Jones Hill, whose father, John Hill, was President of the Bank of the Cape Fear. The $8000 transaction between Joseph and Frederick, which put the 4,975 acres comprising the “Orton lands” under Dr. Hill’s ownership, may have been done to circumvent nepotism accusations (New Hanover County Register of Deeds [DB S]:523; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB J]:264; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:40). The Hill family was directly related to the Moore family, and both Joseph Alston Hill and Dr. Frederick Jones Hill were great-grandsons of Nathaniel Moore, Roger Moore’s brother (Ashe 2018). As a planter, Dr. Hill dug Orton out of its financial slump and transformed it into a profitable venture. 9 Agriculturally, Dr. Hill increased the amount of production occurring at Orton Plantation, and appears to have possibly introduced, or at least emphasized, rice on the property. During the first decade-and-a-half of Dr. Hill’s ownership of Orton, the plantation seems to have been primarily focused on the production of lumber. Advertisements and articles in Wilmington’s newspapers in the 1830s discuss the lumbering activities on the plantation. Dr. Hill constructed a wharf for easier access to his lumber mill located on the plantation, and advertised it, alongside the lumber, in the newspapers of Wilmington (The Cape Fear Recorder 1830:3; The People’s Press and Wilmington Advertiser 1839:4). The first definite mention of rice at Orton appears in the historical record in 1838, with an article in the Wilmington Advertiser, which described a plentiful crop (The People’s Press and Wilmington Advertiser 1838:3). The advertisement for the sale of the plantation in 1824 mentioned that a “rice machine” was once on the property, but had recently burned (The Cape Fear Recorder 1824:1). This makes it possible that rice was being grown and processed on the plantation even prior to 1824. The 1850 census gives more detail about the industrial life of the plantation than the previous records, displaying that lumber, rice, corn, and sweet potatoes were being produced at Orton. Lumber remained the most significant product on the plantation, but a rice mill existed by this point, and rice was being grown in greater amounts than any of the other plantations in the area (United States Census Bureau 1850 Agricultural Schedule; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:43). Throughout Dr. Hill’s tenure at Orton he lived in the main house on the property. In 1830, the census listed five white persons living on the plantation, and that number remained the same in 1840. The white population at Orton fell to three permanent residents in 1850, including Dr. Hill, his wife, Ann Hill, and an overseer, William McKeithan. The enslaved African American population continually grew throughout this period, beginning with fifty-five people 10 living and working on the plantation in 1830. Between the 1820 and 1830 censuses, their number increased by twelve persons, but it is unclear if this was due to Dr. Hill’s new ownership of the property. The next census, in 1840, displays another large increase in the enslaved population, with seventy-six African Americans living at Orton. For the remainder of Dr. Hill’s tenure, the enslaved population would remain stable, with seventy-seven people being reported in the 1850 census (United States Census Bureau 1820 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1830 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1840 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1850 Population Schedule). The agricultural production and enslaved population were not the only parts of Orton that expanded and increased in size under Dr. Hill. He is also credited with expanding the main house on the plantation. In 1835, the mansion was damaged by a wind storm, which was probably a tornado. The storm tore off the roof and caused other damage to the main structure. James Sprunt mentions that a second floor, attic, and the columns were added to the house “about 1840,” though it is possible that these additions could have been included in the repairs from the damage done to the house in 1835 (Sprunt 1980:12; Trinkley et al. 2015:41,45-46). Dr. Frederick Hill is also cited in historical documents as having some interest in the old the port town of Brunswick. The ruins of the town are located south of Orton Plantation, and parts of the town are currently covered by another historical feature, the Civil War earthen fort, Fort Anderson. Even during the later years of Dr. Hill’s ownership of Orton, the Civil War was still several years away from occurring and all that existed in that area was the decaying town of Brunswick, which is believed to have been abandoned during the beginning of the 19th century (Watson 2011:28). Though all the other structures were at least partially destroyed by a combination of the approaching undergrowth and the burning episodes that the town 11 experienced, the walls of the town’s well-constructed church, St. Philips, were intact, and remain standing today. In 1880, James G. Burr, a prominent citizen of Wilmington and an early historian of the area, wrote an article in the Church Messenger, a church newspaper located in Winston, North Carolina, describing an excursion out to St. Philips (Fonvielle 2018). Burr, and several other men, were searching for the cornerstone of the church, in hopes of learning more about life during the early historical period in the Lower Cape Fear region. In the article, Burr describes both his party’s ill-fated attempt to recover the cornerstone, which he argues was stolen before their arrival, and other details about the site’s history. He also mentions in the article that Dr. Hill, “was careful to have the ruins of the church and the adjoining grounds kept free from the approaches of the luxuriant undergrowth by which it is surrounded,” and that Dr. Hill also permitted Reverend T.S.W. Mott, the pastor of St. James Episcopal Church in Wilmington, to hold a service in the church in 1828 (Burr 1880). Further evidence of Dr. Hill’s interest in the property can be seen in his purchase the land that encompassed Brunswick in 1845 (Secretary of State Land Grant Record Books [B 150]:303). Dr. Hill sold Orton Plantation to Thomas C. Miller, an attorney, in 1854. The seventy enslaved African Americans living at Orton in 1854 were included in the sale, and their names were listed in the deed (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Q]:583-587). There were also forty slave cabins on the property by 1860, though they are not drawn on the Orton section of the map of the Cape Fear River that depicts the years 1851-1853, one of the earliest maps of the plantation that can be found in the historical record (Appendix A) (The United States Coast Survey 1858-1865). Information regarding the Miller period of ownership over the plantation is mostly known from the 1860 United States census, which provides information about the free 12 persons living on the property and the industrial activities occurring at this time. In 1860, Thomas Miller is reported as living in Wilmington with Annie Miller, his wife, and their six children, while Orton plantation is listed under the name of his overseer, Wesley Hodge (United States Census Bureau 1860 Population Schedules). By 1860, the major crop at Orton was rice, with 561,600 pounds being produced that year. Other crops such as oats and corn were grown, but the production of lumber had stopped, which only ten years before, shared the majority crop title with rice. No lumber was listed in the census, and there was no longer a saw mill listed as operating on the property. The acreage of rice was similar to that found in the 1850 census, indicating that by 1850 the rice fields were fully established and Miller had done little to change or expand them since purchasing the property (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:50). The census does show that the enslaved population had grown to 144, more than doubling the number of people living there when Miller bought Orton from Dr. Hill (United States Census Bureau 1850 Agricultural Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1860 Agricultural Schedule). With an increase in rice production and enslaved African Americans, it seems that Orton was prospering as an agricultural venture, and continuing to grow. The American Civil War began in 1861, and it heavily impacted the Lower Cape Fear region. Wilmington played a vital role in the war, helping to provide supplies to the Confederacy through its port during the Naval Blockade by the Union, particularly since it was the last port to remain open (Fonvielle 1999:1-3). In order to protect the port city, defensive structures were built throughout the area surrounding the Cape Fear River. One of these structures was Fort Anderson, originally known as Fort St. Philip, which was built on the southern end of Orton plantation, overtop of the old port town of Brunswick (Fonvielle 1999:4, 10-14). In 1865, the fort 13 was attacked and eventually taken, as the Union moved up the Cape Fear River, and Orton’s main house may have been occupied during this time (Fonvielle 1999). It is not clear if the plantation continued to grow rice during the war, but rice straw was being sold (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:53-54). Also during the war, the wife of the commander of Fort Fisher, Colonel Lamb, wrote a letter stating that she stayed in a large empty house across the Cape Fear River. The Chicora Foundation interpreted this building as the Orton main house, suggesting that the Millers had left the property. (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:52, 59) Overall, the war’s largest impacts on Orton include: the destruction of both the plantation economy of the American South in general and of the infrastructure that the plantations required to support their activities, the use of a portion of Orton’s lands for an earthen fortification, and the freedom of the plantation’s labor force. There is no documentation of what happened to the freedmen that once lived at Orton Plantation. Following the Civil War, Orton entered a period of abandonment and decay, where the lands themselves were ignored while legal battles were fought over them. Miller prepared his will in 1861, and then died in 1866, just one year after the end of the Civil War (New Hanover County Will Books [WB D]:179). He still owed a portion of the $100,000 from his purchase of Orton, and now the debt was placed on his wife Annie (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Q]:584). Thomas Miller’s death would be the first in a series of events that would lead to Orton’s abandonment as a working plantation for around a decade. Through historical documents, the legal side of these events can be interpreted, but their impacts on life on the plantation itself are hard to see. Specifically, it is difficult to determine if anyone is living on the plantation during this period, particularly the recently freed African Americans. It is known that during this period Fort Anderson was being used to house many of the freedmen who had 14 followed General William T. Sherman on his March to the Sea, after he sent them down to Wilmington upon arrival in North Carolina in 1865 (The Wilmington Herald 1865:1; Trinkley and Hacker 2018:34-36). Before Thomas Miller’s death in 1866, he was named one of the executors of the estate of Dr. Frederick Hill. When Miller died, this role passed on to Annie, who then began selling portions of the property belonging to Thomas’ estate in order to pay off the debt still owed to the estate of Dr. Hill (Phillips 1868:359-360). Her attempt to settle the debt was not quick enough for William Boudinot, one of the other executors of Dr. Hill’s estate, and he sued Miller in 1867 to force the payment of the debt. The court found that she owed him $40,957.33, and in 1869, Annie Miller sold Orton to Boudinot for $5.00 and satisfaction of the court judgement (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB T]:777-778; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:59-60). Boudinot did not hold the property long, quickly returning it to the estate of Dr. Hill. In the early 1870s, creditors of Dr. Hill sued the Hill estate for debts that had not been paid. In 1872, a court ruled that the estate of Dr. Hill had to settle the debts by selling off its properties (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:59-60). Orton was placed up for auction on August 22, 1872, but the plantation was not sold until the following winter (The Daily Journal 1872:2). After a second auction of the property, on February 26th, 1873, Orton was purchased and would enter a different period of ownership (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:60). Isaac B. Grainger purchased Orton from Boudinot and the commissioners from the court case, Cutler and Steadman, for $6,500 on March 2nd, 1874 (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB W]:336- 342). In 1870, Grainger was living in Wilmington with his wife, children, three other family members living there as boarders, and four African Americans working as servants (United States Census Bureau 1870 Population Schedule). In 1874 and 1875, Grainger began posting 15 notices in the newspapers, warning would-be trespassers from entering Orton, especially with intent to hunt or fish. He also warned against “ranging” on the property, suggesting that he had intent to prosecute those who just wandered on the land, though more attention is given to those participating in “the indiscriminate slaughter of game” on the plantation (The Wilmington Morning Star October 1875:2). These notices imply that no one is living on the land under his ownership. The topic of Orton in the 1870s is covered in more detail in the African American Communities chapter, and though Grainger was warning people against trespassing, there appears to have been some exceptions. During the majority of the time that Grainger owned Orton Plantation, there is no record of agricultural production. An 1876 report describing the production of rice in North Carolina states that the plantations that once produced rice are no longer doing so and have descended into a state of ruin (United States Department of Agriculture 1876). In January of 1876, Grainger leased a portion of the land at Orton to Charles W. McClammy. The lease lasted until 1880 and permitted McClammy to use the land for the production of turpentine, which he is recorded as doing near Lilliput Creek in the 1880 census. (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB W]:324-326; United States Census Bureau 1880 Manufacture’s Schedule). After only owning the plantation for two years, Grainger sold it to a newly immigrated Englishman in 1876. Currier R. Roundell bought the plantation from Grainger in December of 1875 for $18,000. After the purchase, he returned to England until the following February, when he then moved back to Wilmington and the deed for the property was finally recorded (The Wilmington Morning Star December 1875:1; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB W]:343-347; Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation:1). Directly before returning to Wilmington, Roundell started posting warnings to trespassers of Orton in the newspapers, similar to those published by 16 Grainger (The Wilmington Morning Star January 1876:3). Roundell himself, like Grainger before him, did not live on the property, but rented a room in the Manning House at 61 Market St. in downtown Wilmington (Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation:3; Sheriff 1877:110). In July of 1876, only five months after acquiring the deed for the property, Roundell was found dead in his rented room with a bullet wound in his forehead (The Wilmington Morning Star July 1876:2). He was found by James Sprunt, a later owner of Orton Plantation, with a pistol laying near him on the floor. Roundell was not wearing a shirt, socks, or shoes when his body was discovered. The possessions he had in his trunk also appeared unorganized, as if someone had gone through them (Sprunt 1896:64; Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation:3-4). Roundell’s death was ruled a suicide, and the event has been since interpreted as his reaction to the mounting cost of both paying off Orton and reestablishing it as a working and lucrative agricultural plantation. The Chicora Foundation called this interpretation into question, and argued that the scene may actually reflect a murder, based on evidence including the location of the gunshot wound and the absence of an exit wound, the appearance of Roundell’s trunk, and the fact that no suicide note was ever found (Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation:3-4; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:63). Regardless of the motive, Roundell was dead, and his family placed W.L. DeRosset in control of Orton, who then posted it for sale in February of 1877 (The Wilmington Morning Star July 1876:2; The Wilmington Morning Star 1877:1). In April of 1877, DeRosset found a group of four men wanting to buy Orton, and it was purchased from Roundell’s sisters as a joint business venture. This purchase led to a period of growth and change on Orton that would last into the 20th century, and it also cemented a family connection of ownership over Orton until the beginning of the 21st century. The buyers were David R. Murchison, Isaac B. Grainger, Charles M. Steadman, and Kenneth M. Murchison, who 17 were all linked to Grainer through their involvement with the Bank of New Hanover (Brunswick Register of Deeds [DB X]:189-196). Grainger became president of the bank in 1877, and David R. Murchison and Charles M. Steadman were both on the Board of Directors (Sheriff 1877:197). DeRosset’s son had attended the University of North Carolina with Kenneth Murchison earlier in their lives (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:64-65). They purchased the property for $4,000, which was an extremely good deal for riverfront property with existing agricultural fields (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB X]:189-196; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:64). One exception is made in the deed, and it is that 180 acres on the property were to be sold to an African American with the name “Hooper.” An 1880 deed between the Murchison family and a Sarah Hooper confirms this sale of lands to local African Americans. An agreement was made between Isaac Grainger and the Hooper family the first time he owned Orton (1873-1875), and he sold land to the Hoopers, but the deed was never completed, so Kenneth Murchison finished the sale in 1880. This topic will be covered in more detail in the African American Communities chapter, but it should be noted here that it plays a large role in the development of free African American communities in the area (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Z]:370-371). With this purchase of the plantation, Orton enters the period where many of the African Americans living and working on the property are known by name, and a stronger connection to the archaeological site is seen in the historical record. In the few years after the four men purchased Orton, agricultural production resumed and the plantation began to recover, but there were still issues surrounding the legal side of the property. First, the number of owners began to decrease, beginning with the sale of Steadman’s quarter to David R. Murchison in 1879. Then at some point before 1880, Grainger also relinquished his holdings back to one of the other two men, though it could have been due to his 18 death, which is mentioned in an 1880 deed (Brunswick Register of Deeds [DB Y]:474-478; Brunswick Register of Deeds [DB Z]:370; Brunswick Register of Deeds [DB BB]:527-531). Kenneth Murchison ran a mercantile business in New York, and lived there the majority of the time. He was also heavily involved in the business life of Wilmington, having established a firm, Williams and Murchison, there in 1866, as well as the Murchison National Bank and Orton Hotel following his purchase of Orton Plantation. David R. Murchison was the brother of Kenneth, also a partner in Williams and Murchison, and the president of several Wilmington companies, including the Carolina Central Railroad Company (United States Census Bureau 1850 Population Schedules; Sprunt 2005:308-312; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:64-65). In 1881, after the two Murchison brothers had bought out the other owners, David R. Murchison died in New York. His share of the property then went to his wife, Lucy W. Murchison, who then filed to have the plantation divided. Kenneth Murchison argued against a division of the property, viewing the plantation as being designed to work as one unit. Lucy Murchison recognized the value of maintaining the property as a whole, and the court decided to sale the entire plantation at auction (North Carolina, Wills and Probate Records, 1665-1998, Petitions). Kenneth M. Murchison then purchased Orton for $24,000 in April of 1884, which finally reduced the number of owners from four to one (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB BB]:527-531). Both before and after the legal dispute, Orton was undergoing improvements and repairs. By 1879, advertisements were being posted in local newspapers announcing the need for laborers at Orton to work in the rice fields (The Wilmington Morning Star 1879:1; The Wilmington Morning Star 1880:1). An 1878 map of Orton shows a collection of buildings near the rice fields on the plantation. A few of the buildings appear to have fences around them, suggesting that in 19 1878 they were occupied and that livestock or gardens are being kept near them (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1878; Trinkley and Hacker: 66-69). Workers were still needed on the plantation, but some number of people may have already been living on the plantation as well. In 1881 the rice fields were burned off and by 1882, news articles were being published about the agreed upon wage that rice workers were willing to harvest the crop for in Brunswick County (The Wilmington Morning Star 1881:1; The Wilmington Morning Star September 3 1882:1). At least by 1882, African Americans were once again living on the plantation. This is known from several articles published in the Morning Star, a Wilmington newspaper, regarding the murder of Isabella Jones on Orton Plantation. In May of 1882, she was hit over the head with an axe, in front of her two adolescent siblings, by Pharaoh Sykes due to jealously. The articles describe it occurring at Orton Plantation, and one states that it occurred in a yard near a house, suggesting that this happened in an African American domestic space on the plantation. (The Wilmington Morning Star May 25 1882:1; The Wilmington Morning Star May 26 1882:1). A Bella Jones was living in the Smithville Township in 1880, near others who are known to have worked and lived on Orton and Kendal Plantations (United States Census 1880 Population Schedules). Throughout the 1880s, Orton Plantation was a working rice plantation, and the Murchisons became more involved in life on the plantation. In both 1882 and 1883, there were 240 acres of rice fields being planted, and 12,000 bushels of rice was being produced (The Chatham Record July 1882:3; Sprunt 1883:210). During the winter months, the Murchisons would come down from New York and stay at Orton, often holding parties and hunting trips on the property, which were widely covered in the local news (The Wilmington Messenger 1895:4; The Weekly Star 1900:1). The tracks for a small train were laid down during this decade, and Kenneth Murchison used it to transport his guests from the river landing at Orton to the main 20 house (The Wilmington Messenger March 1888:8). The period of instability at Orton Plantation had passed. Press coverage during this period provides a glimpse into the lives of the African Americans living on the plantation at the end of the 19th century. The first newspaper account reports that the African American church at Orton burned down in November of 1892, meaning that prior to this point there was a structure used for religious worship on the plantation (The Wilmington Messenger March 12 1893:4). With the help of Kenneth Murchison, James Sprunt, and A.B. Gwathmey, who was visiting Orton for the winter from New York, another church was constructed and in use by April of 1893 (The Wilmington Morning Star April 6 1893:1). A month before the announcement of the new church, Murchison held a cake walk, and Gwathmey presented cakes to the winners of the event. The event was described as better than any event that in the area since the Civil War (The Wilmington Morning Star March 22 1893:1). A year-and-a- half later, on Christmas Eve of 1894, another cake walk was arranged for the workers on the plantation. Several names of African Americans at Orton are mentioned in these articles, and they will be discussed in a later chapter, regarding attaching their identities to the archaeological site (The Wilmington Messenger 1894:4). In 1899, between forty and fifty people were employed at Orton as rice hands, which is a similar amount to those wanted in the advertisements in the late 1870s and to the number of participants in the cake walks for the workers in the 1890s (Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation:20). On June 3, 1904, Kenneth Murchison died and his estate, including Orton, was split between his five children. In the will, he requested that the children not sell the plantation until the timber that was currently growing was of high enough value (Brunswick County Will Books [WB A]:185-186). This suggests that Orton was not only relying on rice, but was also producing 21 lumber, as it had in the past (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:93). Five years after Kenneth Murchison’s death, one of his daughters, Luola Sprunt, bought Orton from her siblings, for $5,000 per shareholder. Her husband, James Sprunt, was one of the executors of Kenneth Murchison’s estate. Within the deed of sale, it was agreed that if Orton was sold within ten years, the profits had to be split amongst all the siblings (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB 12]:383-389). With Luola’s acquisition of the plantation, Orton began its transition into a period of beautification, with both crops and flowering plants being produced for sale, alongside the cultivation of a large garden. During the first decade of the Sprunt’s ownership, Orton grew cotton, peanuts, peas, corn, and turnips, while also cutting timber on the plantation (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:104). During the 1910s, the Sprunts enlarged the main house and built several new structures on the plantation. Between 1910 and 1913, the main house was renovated, and two wings were added on each side of the house. One of Luola’s brothers, Kenneth Murchison Jr., was hired as the architect for the project. A small “doll house” was also built for Marion Sprunt, daughter of James and Luola, which was later used as the ticket booth for the plantation when it became a garden open to the public (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:99-102). In 1918, a gate at the entrance of Orton was constructed, and two cement eagles were purchased to be placed on it (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:105). Two chapels were built by Luola on Orton, including one that bears her name, Luola’s Chapel. The second was an African American chapel, which sat 110 people and was located near the archaeological site for this project, and served the community living in that area. This church was used until the middle of the 20th century, when it was eventually removed from the property, while Luola’s Chapel continues to stand today (The Evening Dispatch 1916:5; Wilson 1916:22; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:102). Though she had both of these buildings 22 constructed, she did not live to see either of them dedicated. She died on February 17, 1916, and the chapels were dedicated later in the year (Wilson 1916:5). In her will, Luola Sprunt directed that Orton was to be owned by James Sprunt, and then their son, James Laurence Sprunt, throughout their lives, but that they could not sell the property. Full ownership over the plantation was given to the children of James Laurence (Brunswick County Wills [WB B]:366-386). James Sprunt’s ownership lasted less than a decade, and ended when he died on July 9th, 1924 (Asheville Citizen-Times 1924:11). Prior to his death, he had continued the beautification of Orton, with the purchase of fruit trees in 1923. A garden most likely already existed during this period as well, including camellias and azaleas. Rice was also being grown again during this period, at least starting by 1922, when James Sprunt paid for the cutting of rice. Rice was most likely planted through 1930, when the last charge for rice related activities appears in the Sprunt accounts, according to the Chicora Foundation. Clarence Jones, long-time worker of Orton Plantation, also recalled the last rice crop being grown around this period, in 1931 (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:105-106). Under James Laurence Sprunt, Orton Plantation’s gardens grew rapidly, and there was also more focus on the timber resources located on the property. In 1927 a steel fire tower was installed on the plantation, and by 1931, the Orton Protective Association, a group formed by James Laurence as part of the Forest Protective Associations under the North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, was established. This group, and the others in the Forest Protective Association, helped in controlling forest fires, therefore protecting the Orton’s timber. In the 1930s, Sprunt hired the landscape architect Robert Sturtevant to design a portion of Orton’s gardens (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:106-107). By the middle of the decade, the gardens were well known to the public. 23 It was during the 1930s that Orton’s production of agricultural commodities was finally supplanted by the developing gardens on the property. In 1936, the Morning Star reported that Orton’s gardens were opened up to the public by the Sprunts, specifically for the Brunswick County Hospital Auxiliary. The group was helping operate the gardens, with all profits made from the entrance fee benefiting the hospital. The article also noted that the opening of the gardens to the public had become commonplace over the past few years (The Wilmington Morning Star April 7, 1936). Two years later, in 1938, Orton’s gardens were opened to the public indefinitely. At that point, proceeds were continuing to go towards charity, but by 1940 they were being kept by the Sprunts (The Daily Times-News 1938:5; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:107). Around the middle of the 1930s, a horticulturalist, Henry C. Bragaw, had been hired as manager of the plantation. In the early 1940s, he left to fight in World War II, and was replaced by James Ferger in 1941, who was both a horticulturalist and landscape architect (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:107-108). It was in the 1940s that the gardens of Orton began to attract enough attention that the Sprunt family could envision the profits being similar to those earned when rice was being grown on the plantation. In 1946, Orton hosted 7,000 visitors to their gardens (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:110). The focus on the gardens and flowering plants did not mean that Orton had abandoned field crops or their timber. Both asparagus and sweet potatoes were being grown through the 1940s, and the pine trees on the property were also being cut down (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:109-110). Also still present on the plantation were the African American workers. In 1943, 170 people were living on the plantation, most likely including the workers and the superintendent of the plantation, Alex Bogie, and possibly his assistants, Harry Bogie and Eliga Robbins (The Wilmington Morning Star January 31, 1943; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:110). Maps 24 from this period do not show many structures in the area of the archaeological site, but Eugene Vaught remembers a worker, an African American man named Duncan McCoy, living just west of the units from the 2018 field season, and a woman named Christianna Delts living southeast of the excavation (Eugene Vaught 2018, pers. comm.). During this decade, McCoy acted as the boss for local young people, over the age of 12, who were hired during the summer to work on the plantation. Towards the end of the 1940s, Kenneth M. Sprunt, son of James Laurence Sprunt, took a larger role on the plantation, becoming the manager of Orton by 1947 (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:110). The decade of the 1950s brought changes to Orton Plantation, including additions to the gardens. In 1953, James Laurence Sprunt purchased a marble statue, referred to as “The Morning Star,” and placed it in one of the garden’s fountains. The statue was crafted from marble by an Italian artist, Ferdinando Andreini (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:113). It was a focal point in the gardens, and was often featured in photographs of the plantation during the second half of the 20th century (Sprunt 1980). Not all the changes had positive impacts on Orton though, particularly the introduction of Camellia Flower Blight to the plantation. Since the 1930s, the Sprunts had also operated a commercial nursery alongside the growth of flowering plants for the gardens. The introduction of the disease to the plantation led to their nurseries being quarantined, which in turn hurt their reputation to customers, leading to the nurseries’ decline throughout the second half of the 20th century. Orton also continued harvesting timber during the 1950s (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:113). There was one other large event during the 1950s that impacted life on Orton Plantation, and that was the United States Army’s plan to construct a deep water shipping base to the south of the plantation. This project, which was named the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point, was 25 planned to include almost half of the southern end of Orton Plantation, including the abandoned town of Brunswick and many of the homes of the workers on Orton (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:110, 114; Wilmington Star-News 1979:1D). The Sprunts pushed back against the Army’s plans in several ways. First, in 1951, they created a wildlife sanctuary with the State of North Carolina, called the Orton Waterfowl Development. This meant portions of the property were leased to the state, but the Sprunts still maintained ownership over them (Brunswick Register of Deeds [DB 105]:439-441). Then in 1952, they sold the portion of their property containing the old port town of Brunswick, and also the Civil War fort, Fort Anderson, to North Carolina for $1. The sale specified that the land had to be used to create a State Park (Brunswick Register of Deeds [DB 110]:378-380). This aided in creating a separation between Orton and Sunny Point. Between 1950 and 1954, the Sprunts fought the Army in court over both the amount of land being taken and the price for the property. They succeeded in decreasing the amount of land to 8,500 acres, and were also given an increased amount of money for the lands (Asheville-Citizen Times 1954:3; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:112). Though the Sprunt family had reduced the amount of land being included from Orton for Sunny Point, they could not prevent the Army’s easement of the lands surrounding the facility, due to the blast zone that had to be created. Since dangerous and possibly explosive munitions were being shipped through Sunny Point, the Army had to create a buffer zone around the facility. They deemed the buffer zone uninhabitable, meaning that people could not maintain permanent residences within the area, stay within its boundaries overnight, or gather in groups larger than twenty-five people (Wilmington Star-News 1979:1D). The buffer zone included all of the new State Park for Brunswick Town and a large amount of the southern end of Orton the Sprunt’s had retained. The line for the easement was drawn just north of the African American 26 church, meaning that all structures south, including the archaeological site, had to be cleared of homes (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:112, 119). The opening of Sunny Point marks the end of the African American community that lived on the archaeological site at Orton, and the church and houses that were still in the area were moved to Highway 133 (River Road), just west of the plantation. The community is still located there, near what is now Kendall Chapel (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:114). By the late 1960s, the area encompassing the archaeological site had become a part of the oak-lined drive way leading to the main house, with large amounts of vegetation on the western side of the road, and a few trees planted in a row-like formation on the east (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:124). James Laurence Sprunt died in 1973, and was followed in 1978 by his wife, Annie Gray Nash Sprunt. Their four children, James Laurence Sprunt Jr., Kenneth Sprunt, Samuel L. Nash Sprunt, and Laurence G. Sprunt, became the first full owners of the plantation since Luola Sprunt died in 1916 (Brunswick Register of Deeds [DB 102]:143-144; New Hanover County Public Library File – Orton Plantation). During the early 1980s, the Sprunt heirs fought over the fate of Orton Plantation, with James L. Sprunt Jr. petitioning in court for a division of the property. Both the three other Sprunt children and many of the residents of the area argued against this, with the Star News running an article entitled, “Heirs Could Become Orton Plantation’s Undoing” (New Hanover County Public Library File – Orton Plantation). The court decided that the property could only be sold as a unit, due to the historical significance of the plantation, and in the spring of 1984, James L. Sprunt decided to sell his share of the plantation to the other heirs (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB 600]:931-933; New Hanover County Public Library File – Orton Plantation). During the end of the 20th century, the Orton gardens remained open to the public, but they became overgrown until the end of the first decade 27 of the 2000s (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:115). A map within an Orton Plantation brochure from the early 2000s depicts the archaeological site as the oak-lined drive way leading to the main gardens (Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation). Also during this period, the plantation was featured in over twenty films and thirty television shows, including the film Firestarter, and the locally filmed “Dawson’s Creek.” In 2010 the property was purchased by Louis Moore Bacon (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:115, 125). Historical Background of the Excavation Area Though the historical background above discusses events relating to Orton and the people who owned it, there is little specific mention of the structures built along its south road. One of the best historical resources for uncovering information about the development of an area are maps (Appendix A). The first historical reference to structures in the area we investigated archaeologically is a Civil War era map depicting the Cape Fear River and immediate lands around it. On the map, three blocks are shown alongside Orton’s rice fields, with the word “cabins” written beside them (Barnes 1862). By this point, enslaved laborers are most likely living in cabins on the site. Then in the 1870s and 1880s, during the Murchison ownership of Orton, coastal charts are created that show a grouping of structures in the study area (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1878, 1888). The number of structures starts out at fourteen or fifteen on the 1878 and 1888 coastal charts, but over time fewer and fewer structures are depicted on maps of Orton. On the updated 1888, 1889, 1897, 1913, and 1924 coastal charts, twelve structures are drawn in the site area (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1888, 1889, 1897, 1913, 1924). By 1932, the number of structures has been reduced to four, though a fifth building is included, but it is symbolized as a church (United States Department of Agriculture 1937). The church was also added to the 1924 coastal chart, which appears to be an 28 edited version of the 1913 chart. On that map, it is represented as a dot within a circle with the letters “CUP” written below it, probably referring to the cupola atop the building. Though maps are helpful in identifying the development of the site, they do not often provide detailed information about the inhabitants of an area. For those types of details, we need written sources, such as newspapers. The first of this type of source is an article, described within the history above, about a murder that occurred in 1882 on the plantation. It occurred in the house of Bella Jones, who was murdered by her lover Pharaoh Sykes. Other than reporting that it occurred at “Orton, Brunswick county” and within Jones’ home, the article provides little information about the site (The Wilmington Morning Star 1882:1; The Chatham Record June 1882:2). The second possible mention of the site area is an article describing the construction of a new church for “the colored people on the plantation and in the neighborhood,” which was being built because a fire destroyed their first structure several months before (The Wilmington Morning Star April 1893:1). The article does not describe the exact location of the church on the plantation, and since it is not depicted on period maps, it cannot be determined if the structure sat in the same area of the later 20th century structure. A few weeks before the dedication of the church, a cake walk was held, and this made the news as well (The Wilmington Morning Star March 1893;1). Two years later, in 1894, another cake walk was held at Orton, but this time it was during the Christmas season. Even though no information about the area of the archaeological site was described in these articles, several names of African American participants in the event were included, such as Friday Pickett and John E. Pearson, who can both be found in the census records for the area (The Wilmington Messenger 1894:4). The news accounts of the lives of African Americans either working or living on Orton became more plentiful during the second half of the twentieth century, particularly articles about the life of 29 Clarence Jones (Figure 18), a longtime gardener on the planation. Even during this period, there was little included about the homes and community of the people, leaving little information that can be used to better understand that archaeological site (Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation; New Hanover County Public Library File – Orton Plantation). The final major source for understanding the archaeological site and the people who lived there is a collection of seven photographs from 1940. Elliot Elisofon, a photographer for Life, visited Orton Plantation during the Christmas celebrations with the African American community in 1940. There are only about ten surviving photographs from his visit, which were originally meant to be used in an article entitled “Life Goes to an Old Southern Plantation Christmas Party,” but the article was cancelled. The photos are now housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. The images show the African Americans associated with Orton participating in Christmas events. Several of the photographs feature scenes related to Christmastime games, such as people watching a man climb the “greasy pole,” or young men helping grease up the “greasy hog.” Both of these games are contests, seeing who can climb the highest on a greased pole and catch a running pig covered in grease (Brown and Hadley 2000:111, 119). A few of the photographs depict groups: standing in front of a large oak tree, below the balcony on the Orton main house, and watching a man climb the greasy pole. One photo shows three men possibly shucking oysters in preparation of a Christmas meal. Another photo depicts a woman fixing the hair of a young girl inside a room with magazine pages covering the walls. This could be an image from inside one of the few cabins left standing on the plantation in 1940. The final image to feature the African American residents and workers of Orton Plantation is a photograph of a young girl singing near the alter of a church. It is possible that this is the only known image taken inside of the African American church that once stood on 30 the archaeological site (Elisofon 1930-1988). These photos provide a glimpse of what life was like a decade before the site was abandoned. Archaeological Background Archaeological investigations of the plantations within the Lower Cape Fear region began only recently, especially in comparison to excavations of plantations in other areas. That is not to say that there have been no archaeological investigations in this area though, particularly because some of the most influential work in historical archaeology was completed less than a mile south of Orton Plantation. The historic site of Brunswick, the port town created by the Moore family, was excavated by Stanley South between 1958 and 1968. Using a colonial era map created by the cartographer C. J. Sauthier as a guide, South excavated the foundations of structures across the northern half of the town (South 2010:xxi-5). This research influenced his later work on the methods and theories of historical archaeology, which have been influential in the attempt to determine archaeological patterns on historic sites, including the mean ceramic dating method, the Brunswick pattern of refuse disposal, and the Carolina Artifact Pattern (South 1977:48, 88-90, 217). More recently, Charles Ewen has continued excavations of Brunswick. His research, which began in 2015, has included work on one of the town’s wharfs and excavations of houses and outbuildings (Harrup 2017:31). Until recently, the only evidence found of African Americans at Brunswick were colonoware sherds. In 2017, one of Ewen’s graduate students, Michael Johnson, excavated a structure northeast of the town and has since interpreted it as a colonial and antebellum slave quarter (Michael Johnson, pers. comm.). This could be housing for the slaves during the early period of Orton, most likely working in naval stores, or possibly working for people living within the town of Brunswick. Another one of Ewen’s students, a 31 doctoral student named Matthew Harrup, also discussed future research goals that included investigations into the African American residents of Brunswick (Harrup 2017:45-47). The archaeology of the area’s plantations did not begin until 2012 though, with the archaeological investigations of Orton and Kendal by the Chicora Foundation. They worked to identify any archaeologically significant areas on the plantations. The investigations ranged from surface survey to full excavation of certain areas, such as the foundations of the main house and enslaved cook’s quarter and kitchen at Kendal (Trinkley and Hacker 2015; Trinkley and Hacker 2016). Their work was instrumental in identifying areas for future archaeological research, which included the site excavated by UNCW in 2018. In November of 2018, Chicora also published a report that details information about the African American community on and in the areas surrounding Orton Plantation (Trinkley and Hacker 2018). Only one other plantation in this area has been investigated archaeologically. In 2015, UNCW attempted to identify the archaeological remains of Buchoi Plantation, which is located north of Orton in Brunswick County, but nothing that could be directly tied to the plantation was found. The 2018 excavation at Orton Plantation by the UNCW field school adds to a new and growing archaeological interest in both the region’s plantations in general and the lives of African Americans who lived in the Lower Cape Fear region. 32 CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY Along the southern entrance to Orton, flanking the plantation’s rice fields, there are several mounds, mostly concentrated on the left-hand side of the road. The mounds are less than a foot high, and contain pieces of brick and stone, with fragments of both glass and ceramic in the grass nearby. A few of the mounds also have old stumps near their peak. During a 2012 survey of the property, the Chicora Foundation investigated the mounds and interpreted them as being connected to the Orton African American community (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:194- 196). In May and June of 2018, the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) field school excavated the southernmost mound, with the goal of determining whether it represented the remains of one of the structures that are depicted on historic maps of the plantation discussed previously. The excavation was directed by Dr. Nora Reber, an Associate Professor of Archaeology in UNCW’s Anthropology Department. The proposed methodology for the project was an excavation of the mound and several areas around it, to identify both the structure and yard areas. With the artifacts recovered, specifically ceramics, a date of occupation was calculated for the structure. Both the features and artifacts uncovered in the excavation were to aid in the interpretation of the function of the structure. The southernmost mound on the left side of the road was selected for excavation, with the goal of eventually excavating the presumed “yard” space between it and the mound immediately to the north. The southernmost mound was selected as the first to be excavated because it was well defined and had the smallest tree trunk atop it, suggesting it would be less disturbed. The excavation was carried out in metric units and each unit was excavated in 10 centimeter arbitrary levels. Excavation at the site was carried out using shovels, trowels, and other hand tools including spoons. The soil was screened through .25-inch mesh in tripod screens. In order to identify both the yard spaces and the edges of the structure, 1-meter-wide trenches were excavated, extending both south (Trench 1) and west (Trench 2) of the middle of the southernmost mound. Profiles were taken of all unit walls, and the soil colors were recorded using a Munsell Soil Book of Color. The site datum was placed at the highest point on the southernmost mound. The site forms used during the field school can be seen in Appendix E. Trenches 1 and 2 consisted of five 1 x 2 meter units. There were also three differently sized units added to the intersection of the two trenches (Figure 1). The first was a 1.5 x 2-meter unit, added to the northern end of Trench 1 (Trench 1, Unit 6), with the half meter extending out to the east. North of that unit, a 2 x 2-meter unit (Trench 1, Unit 7) was excavated. The last of the enlarged units was a 1.5 x 1.5-meter unit (Trench 2, Unit 6), placed on the eastern side of the presumed chimney. All three of these units were enlarged to excavate the entire mound. All other units, including the easternmost unit of Trench 2 (Trench 2, Unit 2) and the only unit opened in Trench 3 (Trench 3, Unit 1), were opened to answer other questions related to the landscape of the plantation. Trench 2, Unit 2 was opened to look for evidence of a previous road feature, thought to exist due to a dip in the landscape. Trench 3, Unit 1 was opened in the middle of the dip, after no evidence for the edge of a road feature was found in Trench 2. Trench 2, Unit 2 was also opened with the goal of identifying a midden behind the structure, with the assumption that the inhabitants may have followed the Brunswick Pattern of Refuse Disposal. South described this pattern as concentrations of refuse near entryways of buildings, formed through the disposal of trash through the doors of buildings (South 1977:48). His original pattern was meant to identify 18th century British sites, such as the town of Brunswick, which is where South first identified the pattern. It was thought that the site at Orton may have also followed this pattern, due to the close proximity of the two sites. Other archaeological investigations of antebellum 34 Figure 1. The layout of the archaeological excavation, with Trenches represented by (T) and Units represented by (U). 35 African American spaces in the New World have shown that yard spaces of African descendants were typically kept free from rubbish. This practice is known as a having a “swept- yard,” which results in the opposite archaeological signature when compared to the Brunswick Pattern of Refuse Disposal (Heath and Bennett 2000). Since it was hypothesized that the occupants were antebellum African Americans, this pattern was also anticipated. Historical research was used to help identify the date of occupation for the structure, its function, and the identities of the people who inhabited it. Historical research was completed at the New Hanover County Public Library, Joyner Library at East Carolina University, the New Hanover County Register of Deeds, the North Carolina State Archives, and several websites, including the Brunswick County Register of Deeds website, Ancestry.com, Newspapers.com, and also ncmaps.com, which is a collection of digitized maps of North Carolina. Two other websites that give access to historical maps were used, alabamamaps.ua.edu and historicalcharts.noaa.gov. Historical research involved locating primary source documents such as wills, deeds, census records, and newspaper accounts. These were used not only to describe the historical background, but also to interpret the historical timeline of the site. Historical maps of the area were used to investigate whether buildings were represented as existing in the area of the archaeological site, and how the site changed over time (Appendix A). This type of information gave insight into what the site functioned as and also known dates of occupation. The census records available on Ancestry.com were utilized to trace known inhabitants of the area through time. With the goal of identifying the identities of the archaeological site’s occupants over time, the census records were used to group reoccurring individuals and families into larger community groups. Oral history also played a role in carrying out this portion of the research. During the field school, Dr. Reber arranged a meeting between the students and two 36 local descendants, Eugene Vaught and Willie Sloan, to discuss the importance of the site and the cultural traditions of the Lower Cape Fear African American population. During discussions about the culture of the African descendants of the region, known as the Gullah Geechee, Mr. Vaught began walking around the site with the students and pointing out the locations of a few past structures, and the names of their inhabitants, which he remembered from his childhood. Utilizing Mr. Vaught’s descriptions, names of the site’s occupants were identified in the 1940 census, and then attached to the area of the archaeological site. Through a combination of census data for the Town Creek and Smithville townships in Brunswick County, lists of names of workers over time at Orton, and other information about the African Americans living and working on the planation, specific individuals and families were linked with three major historic communities in the area: Marsh Branch, Dark Branch, and Orton. The process used and the results will be further covered in the African American Communities chapter. The processing of the artifacts was completed in the archaeology laboratory in the UNCW Anthropology Department. Processing began during the field school, with several days of washing and cataloging, but the majority of the work was done in June and July of 2018. Artifacts were cleaned, set to dry on trays, and then cataloged. During cataloging, the artifacts were placed in bags by their provenience information (Appendix E). During August and September, the cataloged ceramics were reanalyzed, since they had only been labelled ‘historic ceramic’ during the first stage of lab work. The sherds were first identified by type in Wilmington, using information from the Delaware Department of Transportation, Florida Museum of Natural History, and the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory website (Brown 1982; Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory 2010; Florida Museum 2019). After they had all been identified by type, bags with ceramics were selected in small groups, and 37 the ceramic pieces were taken to East Carolina University. There, Dr. Charles Ewen assessed the identification of the ceramics and made adjustments to them. During this time, it was also realized that a large portion of the sample had been burned, making positive identification of several of the sherds either difficult or impossible. After the ceramics had been identified, they were entered into a spreadsheet, along with their provenience information, their date ranges, median date of manufacture, and whether or not they had been burned (Appendix B). A second analysis of surface treatments on the ceramics was completed in February of 2019, to narrow the date ranges for each type. In order to determine dates for the period of occupation, the Mean Ceramic Date (MCD) formula was used (South 1977:203-218). The MCD method was devised to provide an occupation date for historic sites based upon the manufacture dates of recovered ceramics. These dates are known through the use of historical records indicating the dates of manufacture for European ceramics. The median manufacture date is taken, and then multiplied by the number of sherds that represent that specific type of ceramic. The totals from each ceramic type are added together and then divided by the total number of sherds in the assemblage, which gives the mean ceramic date of the tested area (Figure 2) (South 1977:203-218). The ranges of manufacture dates for the different ceramic types within an assemblage also allow archaeologists to assign an earliest occupation date to the site. This is done by stacking the manufacture ranges on a timeline and identifying the earliest date of production in the assemblage. This earliest possible date is referred to as terminus post quem. The MCD method does not account for heirloom-type items, which may have been kept in use for many years after their production period ended, or for hand- me-down gifts, which often occurred in plantation contexts (Fairbanks 1974:82; Wheaton et al 1983:337; Adams 2003:56-57). The presence of these in an assemblage can lead to misleading 38 early dates being assigned to sites. Nevertheless, the MCD method is useful for identifying date ranges that are close to the occupation period for a site, and are helpful when used alongside other types of data. In this study, the MCD was used together with maps and other forms of historical evidence to determine an occupation period for the site. The MCD was most useful in identifying the beginning of the period of occupation for this site. It is worth mentioning again the importance of both the archaeological investigation and the historical research. Both shed light on the use and occupation period of the structure that once stood where the southernmost mound is located in the present. These methods provide complimentary types of information, and can work to inform one another. This can be seen in the results of this study. Figure 2. The mean ceramic date formula (South 1977:217). 39 CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS The main focus for the archaeological portion of this research is on the findings from Trenches 1 and 2, though it excludes the eastern-most unit of Trench 2 (Trench 2, Unit 2) (Figure 1). An articulated brick and stone feature was found at the intersection of the two trenches. Though it was originally thought that the site inhabitants may have followed the Brunswick Pattern of Refuse Disposal, there was no identified large artifact scatter in Trench 2, Unit 2. Rather, a large post feature was found in that unit, which has been interpreted as a 20th century utility pole. The soil in Trench 3, Unit 1, placed in the area that was thought to possibly have been an old road, was not compacted like that of a frequented path, and it also lacked evidence of any other features. Since these units did not uncover features appearing to be directly related to the central brick feature and associated structure, their artifacts and findings were not included in the analysis. In Trench 1, the two southernmost units (Trench 1, Unit 1; Trench 1, Unit 3) contained no archaeological features. A few ceramic sherds were found within those units though, which are similar to the types found in the units that contained the brick feature, and these were included in the ceramic analysis. The main brick and stone feature was found in Trench 1, Unit 6, with its edges and other corresponding features being found in the surrounding units (Trench 1, Unit 5; Trench 1, Unit 7; Trench 2, Unit 5; Trench 2, Unit 6) (Figure 3). The brick and mortar had decayed in several areas of the feature, particularly on its western side. Portions of a stump were found in the southwestern corner of Trench 1, Unit 6, extending outside of the unit to the southwest. A tree appears to have grown on top of the structure after abandonment, and its roots may have caused the damage to the feature. Trench 2 Unit 6 Trench 1 Unit 7 North Trench 1 Unit 6 Figure 3. The brick and ballast stone feature. (Photos stitched together by Dr. Nora Reber) 41 In Trench 1, Unit 5, the northern wall was filled with sections of both articulated and unarticulated brick. Trench 1, Unit 7 contained a portion of the brick feature, along with two other, separate brick features, and a circle made of bricks. Trench 2, Unit 5 contained brick fall from the main brick and stone feature, and Trench 2, Unit 6 contained the eastern portion of the main feature in the unit’s western half. Two artifact concentrations were found up-against the brick and stone feature, with one being found in the northern half of Trench 1, Unit 5 and the other being located in the eastern third of Trench 2, Unit 5. These were interpreted as features and both included mostly ceramics and glass bottle fragments. The majority of the ceramics were unearthed in the two artifact concentration features found in the units Trench 1, Unit 5 and Trench 2, Unit 5. These ceramics, along with those found in the other units surrounding the feature and to the south, were identified and placed into a spreadsheet as described earlier, allowing the mean ceramic date (MCD) to be determined, using date ranges from three different sources (Brown 1982; Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory 2010; Florida Museum 2019). The MCD of this assemblage was 1820.5, placing the occupation of this site in the early 19th century. The ceramic assemblage consisted mostly of pearlware (60% of the total ceramic assemblage), a type that was produced during the early and middle years of the 19th century. Also of note is that 22% of the ceramic assemblage shows evidence of burning or high levels of heat exposure, which may have been caused by the artifacts’ proximity to the chimney. Burning causes the ceramic to turn gray in color, which can be seen in Figure 11. These sherds were excluded from the MCD, since their type was more ambiguous. The ceramic assemblage is small, consisting of only sixty-three sherds. Only fifty could confidently classified and included in the MCD. Though the sample size is small, the resulting MCD of 1820.5 aligns with findings from the historical record. The ceramic 42 assemblage is included in Appendix B and images of them can be seen in Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 11. The historical record has revealed information about changes that occurred at Orton, which allows for a better understanding about when this site was formed and when it was abandoned. Historical maps were especially useful, because they often included depictions of structures in the site area. The first map to reference the structures and habitation of the archaeological site is a Civil War era map, drawn in 1862, that depicts the Cape Fear River and the properties along its banks. Three structures are shown and labeled as cabins, along Orton’s south road, displaying that by 1862, the site is inhabited (Barnes 1862). The next map is more descriptive, showing exact positions of buildings in the site area. It is the 1878 Coastal Chart, and it displays fourteen or fifteen structures in the area, and possibly two or three fences built around a few of the buildings. An updated version of this map was created in 1888, using most of the imagery from the 1878 map, and the number of buildings at the site remains the same (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1878, 1888). A new coastal chart was also produced in 1888, which depicted only twelve structures with no fences (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1888). This map was reproduced in 1889, 1897, and 1913, with the same number of buildings (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1889, 1897, 1913). The number of structures increased by 1924, with a new coastal chart showing a thirteenth building amongst the others on the site, though it is circled and has the letters “CUP” written beneath it (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1924). This structure represents the addition of the African American church that was built in 1916. The next maps are two maps produced during the 1930s or early 1940s, one being a soil map and the other a rural delivery routes map, which depict a drastic reduction in the number of structures at the site. Both 43 maps show only five structures at the site, including the church, with three secular buildings near the south end of the site and only one to the north (United States Post Office Department 1930- 1943; United States Department of Agriculture 1937). The final map to show any buildings in this area is a 1948 topographic map of the areas surrounding Wilmington, which depicts a chapel and one building in the area, but both are on the opposite side of the road from the excavated area (United States Army Map Service). By 1950, maps stop showing the African American church, and by the 1963, the road that ran through the site is only depicted as the entrance to “Orton Plantation Gardens” (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1950; North Carolina State Highway Commission Planning and Research Development 1967). It is through an investigation of the need to construct buildings in this area that an approximate date can be given for the site’s construction, so the site’s function must be addressed next. Four main sources identify the function, and three of these are historical or ethnographic in nature. The archaeological evidence aids in identifying the structure excavated as having a domestic function. The majority of the assemblage, beyond the large amounts of brick and nails that suggest it was a building, is filled with ceramic and bottle glass. Answering the question of who inhabited the houses at the site required evidence beyond what could be seen in the archaeological record. There were no artifacts found that identified a specific group of people, and the sample size of the artifact catalogue is not large enough to justify the use of artifact patterns. The known use of the site in the 20th century and other pieces of evidence allow for the identification of the social group that occupied these buildings. From the historical record, we can positively identify one structure in the site area, which is the 1916 African American church. A 1924 Coastal Chart shows the addition of a building, identified by the letters “CUP,” on the site, along with one other building on Orton Plantation 44 with that identifier. The second building on the map is Luola’s Chapel, which also had a cupola, and, similarly to the African American church, it was built between the printing of the 1913 and 1924 Coastal Charts (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1924). Later maps, such as the 1932 Soil Map, use church related symbols to identify the structure on the archaeological site (United States Department of Agriculture 1937). When the African American church was built in 1916, it makes sense that it would have been built in the already established African American community. A discussion with a descendant also establishes the presence of the African American church on the site area. During the excavation in May of 2018, two members of the descendant community, now located in Dark Branch, came to speak with the members of the field school crew. The two men, Eugene Vaught and Willie Sloan, helped contextualize the site by discussing their cultural traditions, their memories, and most importantly, the sacred atmosphere that they felt surrounds the site. During the discussion, Mr. Vaught began walking around the site describing what he remembered existing structurally. He described the African American church, where he attended school, and told the students about two or three other buildings that were on the site in the 1940s, which were houses for laborers in Orton Plantation’s gardens. Mr. Vaught was able to identify both the area and the names of the inhabitants for two of the houses. The first was Duncan McKoy, who lived in a house west of the excavated area. The structural remains of this house can be seen on the landscape today, and include a chimney base, brick piers, and window glass. The second person he identified was Christiana Delts, who lived in a building south of the 2018 excavation. All above-ground evidence of the Delts’ home, other than a camellia bush that was once in front of the house, is now gone (Eugene Vaught, pers. comm.). Both of the individuals have been identified in the historical record as employees of Orton Plantation during the 20th 45 century. Mr. Vaught’s memories identify the area as an African American community during the first half of the 20th century, making it likely that the structures located there functioned that way during the 19th century as well. The final piece of evidence for the site’s function is its proximity to the rice fields. Planters often established slave settlements near the spaces where enslaved African Americans would be working. On rice plantations, planters had to take into account the amount of high land near the low-lying rice fields. If there was no high land to establish the slave village, in order to keep it dry, the settlement would have to be further from the work space (Smith 1936:21; Singleton 1980:110; Joseph 1993:97-98; Joyner 2003:13-16). At Orton, the large rice fields adjacent to the Cape Fear River are flanked by higher ground to the west. This higher ground is where the archaeological site sits, along with all the land running up to the main house. The archaeological site would have been a prime location for a settlement to be developed, if the people living there were to be enslaved African Americans working in Orton’s largest rice fields. All of these pieces of evidence above, when used together, point toward the site functioning as an African American community, with several domestic buildings used to house enslaved African Americans in the Antebellum Period and tenant farmers after emancipation. Historic documents beyond maps have also helped in understanding the changes that occurred at the site area, and comparisons between the maps and the timeline that can be pulled from other documents illuminates what was occurring at the archaeological site. The combination of the site’s proximity to the rice fields and the 1862 map that described the structures in the area as “cabins,” provide evidence that the buildings were being used to house the enslaved laborers working in rice production (Barnes 1862). It is known through a newspaper article that by 1838, while the plantation was under the ownership of Dr. Frederick Jones Hill, 46 rice was being grown at Orton. The article, published in August of 1838, described the success of the crop on the plantation (The People’s Press and Wilmington Advertiser 1838:3). The agricultural census shows that by 1850, rice was being grown on Orton in large quantities (United States Census Bureau 1850 Agricultural Schedule). The first depiction of the rice fields on a map is in an 1839 coastal chart that distinguishes the fields from surrounding marshland. No legend was included with the map, but the symbol used in the area of the field appears to depict rice, and is distinct from all other symbols on the map, including those in the surrounding marsh. Only the northern half of the field has rice growing in it at this time. Then in 1856, a coastal chart displays the layout of all of the rice fields, even showing the canals that separated each individual field from the others (United States Coast Survey 1858-1865). Between the 1830s and 1850s, Orton’s rice production appears to have increased, and the people working the fields would have needed a place to live. Dr. Frederick Hill’s interest in and acquisition of the ruins of the Brunswick are also important pieces of evidence from the historic record. The main archaeological feature found was composed of many different types of bricks and ballast stones, which are similar to those used to construct the buildings in Brunswick, less than a mile to the south of the site, in the 18th century. A few of the pieces of brick recovered from the site are covered in a greenish or white glaze, which have also been recorded archaeologically during excavations at Brunswick Town and can be presently seen on the only extant structure, St. Philip’s Church (Figures 9 and 10). The glazed bricks are most visible today on the northern exterior of the church. As noted in the historical background, Dr. Hill gave special attention to the old port town. An article was written in a church newsletter several decades after his death, describing the attention that Dr. Hill gave St. Philip’s and its “adjoining grounds” (Burr 1880). A deed also reveals that Dr. Hill was the 47 owner who purchased the land Brunswick sat on, which combined the ownership of the Orton and Brunswick properties for a century (Secretary of State Land Grant Record Books [BK 150]:303). Dr. Hill’s knowledge of and interest in the decaying port town, combined with his investment at Orton in the rice industry, display that he was most likely the first owner of Orton who had both the need for new structures in the site area, and legal access to the construction materials found archaeologically. Figure 4. Shell-edged Pearlware found in Trenches 1 and 2. 48 Figure 5. Blue Banded/Annular Pearlware found in Trenches 1 and 2. Figure 6. Blue Transferprint Pearlware, found in Trench 1, Unit 5. 49 Figure 7. Hand Painted Polychrome Pearlware found in Trenches 1 and 2. Figure 8. Saltglazed Stoneware, with an interior Albany Slip, found in Trenches 1 and 2 50 Figure 9. Green glazed bricks. Left, found during UNCW Field School; Right, from Hepburn- Reynolds lot in Brunswick, found by ECU Field School. Figure 10. White glazed bricks. Left, from ruin at Brunswick, found during ECU Field School. Right two, found during 2018 UNCW field school. 51 Figure 11. Burned Refined Eathernware, with gray discoloration. 52 CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION The archaeological and historical evidence suggests that the site first identified by the Chicora Foundation in 2012 and then excavated by the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) field school in 2018 was an African American settlement on Orton Plantation, which was used as housing for both enslaved laborers and tenant farmers. In this study, the results for the function of the structure and the period of its development and occupation are inseparable. In discussing one aspect of the research question, such as the function, the other component, the date of development, must also be addressed. Since this is the case, the discussion has been divided temporally rather than thematically. First, the antebellum development of the site is addressed, followed by a separate discussion of the tenant occupation during the late 19th and early 20th century. The discussion concludes with the mid-20th century forced abandonment of the site. Antebellum Development and Occupation The structure excavated in May and June of 2018, along with several others known through historical documentation to have existed on the site, appears to have been constructed sometime between 1830 and 1850, under the ownership of Dr. Frederick Jones Hill. The need for these structures aligns with the development of large scale rice agriculture at Orton Plantation, since they were most likely used to house the enslaved African Americans laboring as rice hands. This use is suggested in part by the site’s proximity to the rice fields, where those who lived in the structures on it would have worked (Smith 1936:21; Singleton 1980:110; Joseph 1993:97-98; Joyner 2003:13-16). The earliest date that rice is known to have been grown in Orton’s fields is 1838, when an article was published in the Wilmington Advertiser describing a successful rice crop on the plantation (The People’s Press and Wilmington Advertiser 1838:3). This also aligns well with the increasing number of enslaved persons recorded as living at Orton in the census around this time, with fifty-five people present in 1830 and seventy-six in 1840. There was a twenty-one-person increase, though fifteen of the people in 1840 are under the age of ten, suggesting they were born in the past decade. When the population is broken down by sex in both 1830 and 1840, it is revealed that the male community increased only by four people, though they have eight new people under the age of ten. This suggests that four of the males from 1830 either died or were sold. The female population increased by seventeen over the decade, but only had seven new members under the age of ten. This means that Dr. Hill must have purchased ten female African Americans above the age of 10 between 1830 and 1840 (United States Census Bureau 1830 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1840 Population Schedule). Though not a drastic increase, Dr. Hill’s purchase of more enslaved individuals made the number of working-age males and females on the population almost equivalent. In 1830, there was sixteen working-age females and twenty-six working-age males. The change in population by 1840 increased both of the working-age sex groups. In 1840 there were thirty females that were of working-age and thirty-one working-age males. This suggests that Dr. Hill may have been trying to make the distribution of the two sexes within the population more equal through the purchasing of ten new African American females. This could have been an effort to establish family groups on the plantation, which was in the best interest of the planter, since the family- unit was more likely to produce children together and also less likely to run away. Past studies of the gender division of labor on Lowcountry rice plantations have shown that enslaved women were involved in the growth and processing of rice at a level either similar or above that of the enslaved men (Pruneau 61-71, 208-209). Period depictions and descriptions of rice plantations 54 support this argument, with women often being shown or described as hoeing in the fields and doing most of the winnowing and threshing (Carney 138-143). The increase in population size coupled with the possibility that Dr. Hill wanted to create more organized family units on the plantation could also help explain the need for more housing during the 1830s. During the decade of the 1830s rice was established at Orton as a major commercial product, the enslaved population grew, and new houses were constructed to house the laborers (United States Census Bureau 1830 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1840 Population Schedule). The 1830s seem to be the most likely decade that the site was developed, since both the first mention of rice and the increase in enslaved persons occurred during that time. Further evidence of this can be seen in the number of enslaved persons living at Orton in 1850, which was seventy-seven (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:43). Since the population number is only one digit from being the same at the 1840 census, it is unlikely that a great amount of fluctuation occurred during this time (United States Census 1840 Population Schedule). Dr. Hill would have needed to house between seventy and eighty people before the taking of the census in 1840. Since there was not an increase in people by 1850, new houses were probably not constructed in that decade. The date of construction for the rice field to the east of the site is unknown because it is never explicitly described in the historical record, but several maps suggest its appearance. The earliest map that depicts a different ground surface in the area of the rice fields is a 1798 map, which symbolizes them as swampy (Barker et al. 1798). The first map to distinguish between the rice and surrounding swamp land for certain though is an 1839 coastal chart that appears to display rice fields on Orton’s property along banks of the Cape Fear River, but no legend was provided. A different symbol is used where the rice fields are today, differentiating it from the surrounding swamp lands in other areas of the map. This map also appears to show development 55 of the fields, since only the northern half of the field is depicted with rice. This suggests that Dr. Hill was developing the field in sections over time, and had only completed the northern section by 1839. Though the field area adjacent to the site was depicted as different than other land areas by the end of the 18th century, it is in the 1830s that it is first shown to be completely separate from swamps, and depicted more like rice. The structure excavated in 2018 revealed that the chimney once attached to the cabin was constructed using many types of brick and ballast stones, and was not assembled in an organized fashion, but rather mortared together in almost a hap-hazard way. A few of the pieces of brick were covered in a greenish or white-colored glaze. Though the western side of the feature had been impacted by the roots of a tree, the left side was in better condition, but also appeared disorderly in construction. Though ballast was most likely accessible to Lower Cape Fear residents during the 1830s, probably still available along the banks of the port at Brunswick where ships had dumped them, the assemblage of many different bricks suggests that the structure was built using materials from multiple sources. Just south of the site sits the town of Brunswick, which contained structures built from both ballast stone and brick. Evidence has been found that several of the bricks used for the construction of Brunswick were covered in a green or white-tinted glaze, which can still be seen on the north side of St. Philip’s church. These glaze-covered bricks have also been identified archaeologically, as recently as the summer of 2018, when the ECU field school excavated the possible summer kitchen behind the Hepburn- Reynold’s House in Brunswick (Figures 9 and 10). By the 1830s, records of people inhabiting the port town of Brunswick are scarce. Skepticism has recently amplified regarding the immediate abandonment of the entire town following its burning during the American Revolution (Harrup 2017:28). By the 1830s though, the town seems to have been in a ruinous 56 state, and by the middle of the 1840s, claim to the land must have ceased, since Dr. Hill was able to purchase the entire town (Secretary of State Land Grant Record Books [BK 150]:303). The materials used to build Dr. Hill’s slave cabins appear to have been salvaged from the ruins of Old Brunswick. The appearance of the bricks, some covered in a similar glaze to those found in the port town, and ballast stones in the feature are not the only evidence that suggests that the structure was built using materials from the ruins of abandoned buildings in Brunswick. The historical record reveals that Dr. Frederick Hill was interested in the old town of Brunswick, and that he began visiting it as early as 1828, only two years after he purchased Orton. The Church Messenger article written by J.G. Burr describes Hill as being “careful to have the ruins of the church and the adjoining grounds kept free from… the undergrowth,” showing that Dr. Hill visited the place and cleared it, suggesting that he would have known the landscape well (Burr 1880). With Dr. Hill’s knowledge of the site, it is probable that he had the new slave quarters built using salvaged materials from the abandoned house ruins of Brunswick. The mean ceramic date (MCD) for the site was calculated to be about 1820. Over half (60%) of the ceramic assemblage was made up of pearlware, which was a type of ceramic produced mostly during the early 19th century. That date is a decade or two earlier than the date the historical documents suggest for the formation of the site. During the early 1820s, Orton was owned by Benjamin Smith, who had been suffering from debt problems since 1812. The plantation was taken from him by the Bank of the Cape Fear twice, once in 1815 and then again between 1818 and 1824 (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB F]:139; New Hanover County Register of Deeds [DB P]:402; The Cape Fear Recorder 1824:1). Since Orton’s owner was dealing with monetary issues during the 1810s and 1820s, it is unlikely that new domestic 57 structures were built on the plantation during that time. The early MCD of 1820.5 was most likely influenced by an extended use-life of the ceramics owned by the structure’s occupants. Considering the economic condition of the site’s residents, who were enslaved, it is possible that they were receiving their tableware as hand-me-down items from the planter. This would push the date of occupation back several years, often between ten and twenty years in other studies (Fairbanks 1974:82; Wheaton et al 1983:337). If this is taken into consideration, the structure actually dates to between 1830 and 1840, which aligns with the findings from the historical record. One other issue with a MCD that is as early as 1820 is that the date should reflect the entire occupation of the structure, and this site was occupied into the 20th century as well. This early of a date could be due to bias from the archaeological record. The majority of the ceramics used to determine the MCD were found in two artifact concentrations against the south and west sides of the chimney feature. These may have been developed solely by the antebellum occupants, resulting in a date for the structure that only represents one period of occupation. One other explanation for such an early date on a site that was occupied through the middle of the 20th century is the disappearance of certain buildings over time. The changes seen on the 1878 and 1888 coastal charts suggest that the number of structures on the site decreased by two or three buildings during the decade between the publishing of those two maps. One of the structures that disappeared during this time was the second house on the left side of the road, moving south to north (Appendix A). When the geographic coordinates of the chimney feature were overlaid on georeferenced copies of the 1878 and 1888 coastal charts, it appeared to align with the second house on the left side of the road (Figure 15) (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1878, 1888). This suggests that the structure excavated during the 2018 UNCW field 58 school may have been one of the first buildings on the site to be removed. If this is the case, a lack of later ceramics, and therefore and earlier MCD, would be expected. Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century Occupation Historical evidence from the 20th century suggests that during that period the site was utilized as a settlement for a portion of the African American workers who were employed at Orton Plantation. Mr. Eugene Vaught, a descendant from the local African American community, visited the site during the field school. His visit was arranged to include the local descendant population in the archaeological work and to establish better context for the field school students’ through the discussion of African American culture in the area. During his visit, he recalled that as a child he had attended school in the church that once existed on the site. He also shared his memories of two people who lived at the site, and locations of their homes. This information establishes that the site was used as both a domestic site and a community meeting place for African Americans (in the form of a school/church) around the year 1940. The church Mr. Vaught described and pointed out on the landscape matches with the 1916 African American church known to exist on the site from historic maps (Eugene Vaught, pers. comm.). In 1916, Luola Sprunt had a church erected for the African American community at Orton, though she never lived to see its completion (Wilson 1916:22). It appeared, alongside the other chapel she had built in 1916, on a 1924 Coastal Chart (“No. 149. Old Topsail Inlet to Shallotte Inlet, including Cape Fear,” 1924). The African American church was constructed amongst a cluster of other buildings that had existed at the archaeological site since the 19th century (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1878). Since the church was constructed for “the colored people of Orton,” it makes sense it would have been placed near their already established community (Wilson 1916:22). This suggests that the site was used to house the African American tenants 59 who worked at Orton prior 1916 as well, most likely since at least the 1870s. Site occupation during the late 19th century is covered in more detail in the African American Communities chapter. All of this evidence, when taken together, displays that the site was developed during the first half of the 19th century, most likely during the 1830s, as a settlement for enslaved African Americans, who labored in the rice fields that were being constructed by Dr. Hill, directly east of the site. The area continued to be used as housing for the African American residents of Orton Plantation during the late 19th century, and through the first half of the 20th century. The structure excavated by the UNCW field school in 2018 was one of the several structures built on this site to be used as homes by enslaved African Americans. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the site was used as housing for African American tenants who worked on the plantation. Following the early 20th century tenant occupation, the site was abandoned. The early 1950s brought the United States Army to the Lower Cape Fear region, and their new military terminal, Sunny Point, was built just south of Orton (Asheville-Citizen Times 1954:3). A blast zone, an area that could be impacted by an explosion of munitions, was established around Sunny Point by the Army, and no one was permitted to live within its limits. The easement line, drawn on the boundary of the blast zone for Sunny Point, cut through the African American community on the plantation, placing them within the zone deemed uninhabitable by the Army. All buildings still in use on the site, except the northernmost one which sat just outside of the blast zone, were moved off of the property (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:112, 119). The site was then transformed into an oak-lined drive, which served as an entrance for the Orton Plantation Gardens, and the African American community moved to the Kendal Chapel area, about three miles north of Orton Plantation. 60 CHAPTER 6 – AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES The historical value of a place is created through a combination of both the events that occurred there and the people that participated in those events. Take the State Historic Site of Brunswick Town for example, which is not only important because of its title as the first surviving British settlement in the Lower Cape Fear region or its role in the American Revolution, but also because of the people that lived there and took part in those events. If a person was to visit the site, they could walk along a pathway that leads through the old “streets” of the town, which allows them to view the ruins of houses that are labelled or titled with the names of their past owners. This same association of people with places can be seen if you walk through the streets of downtown Wilmington, where the historic houses are similarly labelled with the names of their previous owners. These connections between people and places is possible due to records of ownership, which are typically only available to those who can afford their own home, or legally purchase one. Disenfranchised groups, such as enslaved or poor African Americans, were often unable to either legally own their own homes, or themselves, in the case of the enslaved, or were unable to afford their own land and homes, meaning they had to rent, in the case of poorer African Americans. This causes a disassociation between the people and the places they once inhabited, and a loss of identity for these groups in the historical narrative. Though it is not as easy as looking up deeds associated with certain city blocks, or using maps that label lot numbers, patterns in the historical record can reveal where people lived, and can even possibly allow researchers to re-associate people with the homes they once inhabited. The original goal of this research was somewhat overambitious, with the hope that a connection could be established between the African American tenants on Orton Plantation during the late 19th and early 20th century and the enslaved African Americans who were owned by Thomas Miller and Dr. Frederick Hill. Armed with a statement made by James Laurence Sprunt in The Story of Orton Plantation and the names of many of the African Americans associated with Orton in the post-bellum and beyond, I hoped to solidify a connection between the present and the past. Sprunt claimed that a worker, referred to as “Sister Kate,” but also named as “Kate Moore” later in the book, was a slave of Thomas Miller (Figure 12) (Sprunt 1980:11). Census records indicated that Kate Moore was much too young to have been enslaved, let alone have memories of enslavement, since she was most likely born in 1871 (United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). Her father was a man named Moses Moore, and he was old enough to have been the man named “Moses” listed in the 1854 deed transferring Orton and the slaves living there from Dr. Hill to Miller (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Q]:584). In 1880, Moses and his daughter Kate, along with seven other family members, lived in Town Creek though, which is not the township Orton Plantation is located in. The Moore family is listed on the same page in the census as Hardy Bryant, who claimed on his Freedmen’s Bureau Bank Record in 1873 that he lived on “Mr. Water’s Plantation, 5 miles from [Wilmington]” (Freedmen’s Bank Records, 1865-1871). Joseph Watters owned Clarendon Plantation at this time, suggesting that this is where the Moore family was living in 1870 (Sprunt 1980:24). Clarendon was located near Old Town, between Wilmington and Orton Plantation. No other records could be found for Moses Moore, suggesting that this route would not help meet the original research goal. Further reading led to the realization that there was not one community that worked for Orton in the post-bellum years, but rather three or more. 62 Figure 12. The woman identified as Kate Moore in The Story of Orton Plantation (Sprunt 1980). Instead of looking for a link between the antebellum and the post-bellum, research was refocused to identify patterns in the historical documents that showed where the workers associated with Orton after emancipation lived. Several different sources were used to help find these groupings, the first being the census population schedules in the years between 1870 and 1940 (with the exception of the 1890 census, which burned in a fire in 1921). The census records revealed that several people often remained neighbors through the years, helping to identify communities, since it would be unlikely for large groups of people to move together (Appendix 63 D). The second major historical source came in the form of three cemetery lists for the local African American cemeteries. There were three main cemeteries: the Orton African American cemetery, the Brown Cemetery (at Dark Branch), and the Drew Cemetery (at Marsh Branch) (Appendix C). These helped to identify where family groups were being buried, further providing evidence for where individuals resided. The final major source were the deeds for those African Americans in the community that could afford to purchase land. These people became land owners and were less likely to move from the communities they lived in, helping to provide evidence for both when they moved there and where people who did not own their homes were living. The redefined goal of this research, which will be presented throughout the remainder of this chapter, is to organize the post-bellum inhabitants of this area into three communities (Orton, Dark Branch, and Marsh Branch), and then to attempt to connect a few residents from Orton Plantation, the archaeological site excavated by the University of North Carolina Wilmington field school in 2018, with certain structures reflected on historical maps. Chapter Organization and Methods The area of investigation runs from the present community of Kendal Chapel down onto the modern-day property of Sunny Point (Figure 13). In the past, this area was divided into three main African American communities. The first of these contained the residents of Orton Plantation, though it often also included the people who lived on Kendal Plantation to the north. According to oral history, the Kendal African American settlement, most associated with the Vaught family in the 20th century, was known as Hagfield (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:156). This group will be referred to as “the Orton Community” in this chapter, attempting to focus mostly on those living on Orton Plantation rather than Kendal. The second was Marsh Branch, a community that was located on old River Road, just south of Orton, which will be called “the 64 Figure 13. 1910, “Map of Brunswick County, NC (Charles Henry Smith).” This edited map shows the locations of townships and communities. The yellow area represents the Town Creek Township, while the green area represents the Smithville Township. 65 Marsh Branch Community.” African Americans did live between these two communities, such as Jeffery Lawrence, who lived in a cabin on Fort Anderson and will be discussed in detail later. The last major community is the Dark Branch or Kendal Chapel community, which is the only one of the three major communities that exists today. It is found north of Orton Planation and will be referred to as “the Dark Branch Community,” as this name seems to have been more popular in the time period being discussed, while Kendal Chapel is more popular today. It should be acknowledged that there were smaller communities within these larger groups, and that overlap with these smaller groups will most likely occur in this analysis. The Orton Community may include people that lived just north of Orton on Kendal Plantation, and possibly people who lived in the Fort Anderson area. Dark Branch was near both Lilliput Plantation and Pleasant Oaks (The Oaks) Plantation, and though there was a cemetery at “the Oaks,” no cemetery list could be identified in the historical record, so it is possible that residents from those places may get mentioned in the discussion of Dark Branch. Marsh Branch is mostly distinct, but it is possible that African Americans from the Fort Anderson area may have been placed in this group. When a division of the other communities from the main three was deemed possible, it was listed as such (Appendix D). This study is not the final word on the residents of these communities, but only the beginning of an attempt to organize them and reconnect their identities with the places they lived. As more documents are found in the future, more accurate boundaries for the communities will be able to be determined in the census records. The grouping of African Americans into the three major community groups is possible through the use of census tracts (which are listed by township in the case of Brunswick County, North Carolina), deeds that connect people with land, the location of individual’s graves, and 66 whether residents were renting or owned their homes. One of the most important pieces of evidence to support the findings described below is the presence of two townships in the study area. Dark Branch is located within the Town Creek Township, while Orton and Marsh Branch are located within the Smithville Township. The dividing line is Lilliput Creek, which separates Kendal Plantation from Lilliput Plantation, and also divides River Road into two census track areas (Figure 13). This is important because both Dark Branch and Marsh Branch were located on River Road. The second key piece of evidence are the land deeds that show African American ownership in certain areas. These help to establish which communities certain African American land owners are living, and then aid in the association of non-land owning people with those places. Both the deeds and the census tracks were analyzed using a 1910 map of Brunswick County, which depicted all of the county’s townships and smaller waterbodies (Figure 13). Deeds often describe parcels of land in terms of what features the parcel is bounded by, such as streams, roads, or neighbor’s lands. Having a map that depicted information regarding the location of creeks and streams was imperative. Also important in this study was the identification of renters (“R”) and owners (“O”) of homes in the census, which began in 1900. People living on Orton Plantation could never be owners, because the land and buildings were owned by the Murchison and Sprunt families during the 20th century. Finally, cemetery lists and “burial locations” on death certificates help to associate names with certain communities, helping to further establish links between the people and those communities when they were alive. These major pieces of evidence, along with the listing of names in the census every ten years, helped to organize African American individuals associated with the region into the three distinct communities known to have existed historically. The Development of the Three Communities (1860s – 1870s) 67 Between 1860 and 1870 a great number of things changed in the plantation area of the Lower Cape Fear region. The enslaved population was freed, the large plantations that flanked the banks of the Cape Fear River fell into ruin, and a large number of “contrabands,” African Americans who escaped slavery during the war, were being housed at Fort Anderson (Trinkley and Hacker 2018:34, 37). Following the end of the war, these people became freedmen (freed African American slaves). The 1870 census reflects the disarray caused by these changes, with most of the people associated with the plantations during this period (1870-1880) being listed in one large block in the Smithville census. Due to this, it cannot be fully determined where these individuals are living. Freedmen’s records suggest that no one is living on Orton Plantation, and the land purchases that established Dark Branch and Marsh Branch were not made until later in this decade (Trinkley and Hacker 2018:37). The census records from 1870 list many people in this area that either form or have descendants that form the three communities later. These people include the Walker, Brown, Pearce, Green, Davis, Merrick, Smith, Hooper, and Clark families. There is also a fifty-five-year-old man named Jefferson Crance from South Carolina in the listing, who is about the right age and from the right place to match up with a man named Jeffery Lawrence (Figure 16). When Lawrence died in 1911 at the age of ninety-eight, he was remembered in local papers as a man who had followed General William T. Sherman as he marched through South Carolina, along with many other recently freed African Americans, to North Carolina, and was shipped to Fort Anderson along with them, where he had since lived alone in a cabin (Bill Reaves File, Orton Plantation:24). His presence in the census listing, alongside the fact that these names were taken in the Smithville Township, suggests that in 1870, the African Americans were living between Fort Anderson and Lilliput Creek, possibly within the fort or on Orton or Kendal Plantations. Also suggesting that this census reflects people living 68 either on Orton, or near it, are the similarities in names between the 1870 listing and later burials in the Orton African American cemetery. These names include Amy Davis and her son Eli, Alexander Brown and his wife Mary, along with their children Eliza Brown and William Brown, and finally Maggie Walker, the daughter of Solomon and Julia Walker, who were listed in the 1870 census (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165). The centermost names on the census list in 1870 are the ones most firmly associated with Orton Planation through their presence in the cemetery (United States Census Bureau 1870 Population Schedules). Several purchases of land were made during the 1870s that led to the establishment of the two communities, Dark Branch and Marsh Branch. In April of 1873, a man named Frank Brown Jr. purchased 128 acres of land in Town Creek from W.G. Curtis. This land included what would become Dark Branch, most likely named for the stream that ran through the property, which shares a similar name (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Y]:213-215). Frank Brown Jr. was listed in the 1870 census, along with everyone else living somewhere between Lilliput Creek and Fort Anderson, in a house with his father, mother, and four siblings (United States Census Bureau 1870 Population Schedule). Prior to Frank Brown’s purchase, a man named Tom Clark also purchased land from W.G. Curtis. The sale was made in February of 1873, and was cut from Lilliput Plantation, just south of where Frank Brown later purchased land in April (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB V]:126-127). Tom Clark was also listed in the 1870 census group from Smithville, but they are placed on opposite ends of the list, with Tom Clark’s name appearing a page and a half after Frank Brown (United States Census Bureau 1870 Population Schedule). One other purchase was made in 1873 in the Dark Branch area, by a man named Robert Hooper (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB V]:129-130). The Hooper family does not appear in the Dark Branch Community until the middle of the 20th century, and though that 69 man is also named Robert Hooper, he may not be related to the 1873 land owner. The other two land owners, the Brown and Clark families, remained in Dark Branch throughout the time period of the study, and the local cemetery is still referred to as “Brown Cemetery.” The Hooper/Green family, some of which was possibly listed in the 1870 census and certainly show up in the cemetery list for Orton Plantation, purchased the land that would become Marsh Branch in the middle of the 1870s, but due to deaths and issues related to the constantly changing ownership of Orton, the sale was not recorded until 1880. Though they may be related to Robert Hooper of Kendal and Dark Branch, they never appear in the census together. The first burial, or at least earliest known, in the Orton African American cemetery occurred on November 24, 1876 (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165). The burial belongs to Schuyler Hooper, who can only otherwise be found in tax records. The Chicora Foundation identified Schuyler Hooper as an agent of Currier R. Roundell and Isaac Grainger, both owners of Orton Plantation during the 1870s. Trinkley and Hacker suggest that Hooper may have been managing the operations at the plantation during this period (Trinkley and Hacker 2018:139- 141). According to the deed written when the Murchison brothers, Grainger, and Charles M. Steadman bought Orton in 1877, 180 acres of the property were to be sold separately to “one – Hooper (colored)” (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB X]:192). Between 1877 and 1880, Steadman and Grainger sold their shares of the property to the Murchisons, and in December of 1880, the Murchison brothers drew up a quit claim deed, finally giving the 180 acres, known as the Devant Tract, to “Sarah Hooper, widow of Hooper deceased, Titus Meritt, Jack Green, and William Davis.” The deed reveals that both the original Hooper and Isaac Grainger had died prior to 1880, suggesting that Sarah Hooper’s deceased husband may have been Schuyler Hooper who had both worked for Grainger and died in 1876, and that Schuyler and Isaac Grainger may 70 have made the original agreement about the land (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Z]:370-371). Sarah Hooper, along with several men, bought the first land that would become Marsh Branch, south of Orton and Fort Anderson, and they and their descendants remain in this area throughout the period covered in this study. The remainder of this chapter will discuss the development of the communities chronologically, mostly focusing on census data. Rather than discussing each community separately, all three communities will be covered together for each census year. This will allow for easier consideration concerning movement of individuals between communities. It will be organized by census year, starting with 1880 and moving through to 1940, with each section covering Dark Branch first, Orton second, and Marsh Branch last. Most attention is given to the head of the household listed in the census. This topic can already be quite confusing, especially with the large number of residents in these communities over the years, so discussions will usually only focus on the head. The head’s spouse and children may also get mentioned on occasion, especially if those people eventually get listed as heads of households in later census years. A complete list of names is included in Appendix D, so that all the people identified can be re-associated with their respective community/communities. The Communities in 1880 Dark Branch was established with Frank Brown Jr. and Tom Clark’s purchases of land in Town Creek in 1873 (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB V]:126-127; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Y]:213-215). By 1880, several people had moved into the area along with the Brown and Clark families, some being related through marriage and others working alongside these families on Kendal Plantation. Franklin Brown Jr. was present with his family, including his wife Fannie and their four children. The parents of Franklin Brown Jr., Franklin 71 Brown Sr. and Jane Brown, were living next door to their son. Listed below Brown Sr. is Caesar Gallway [Galloway] and his wife Hagar, along with their niece and nephews. Hagar Brown Gallway is also the daughter of Franklin Brown Sr., and she was listed as living with him in the 1870 census. Although he had purchased land in Town Creek, Tom Clark does not appear in the 1880 census for that township. Other people with the surname Clark are in Dark Branch in 1880 though, including Edward, Robert, and Nicholas Clark. Many of the Dark Branch Community’s members, found in the census, are also found in the Curtis Account Book, associated with Kendal Plantation, from 1879, including Virgil Smith, Charles Allen, William Brown, and Nicholas Clark (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:138). One other person of importance from the Dark Branch 1880 census is Solomon King, who is the nephew of Caesar Gallway and will remain present in the greater community into the 20th century (United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule). Several of these people will also be later buried in Brown Cemetery at Dark Branch, including Frank Brown Jr., his wife Fannie Brown, and Robert Clark (“Brown Cemetery”). The 1880 census for Orton Plantation appears to have been taken during the working hours on the plantation, making it difficult to determine who is actually living there and who is only present to work. Two households appear to be living on the plantation for certain, the first of these being the Solomon Walker family, which includes Solomon and his wife Julia, and their five children. One of these children, Maggie Walker, will later move off of Orton, but is buried there in 1956 (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165). The 1880 census lists her as seventeen, but in 1900, she still lives with her mother Julia and has the birth date of 1879, which matches with the Death Certificate for the Maggie Walker buried at Orton (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). The other family is that of Mary A. Brown, who matches with the Mary Brown 72 married to Alexander Brown in the 1870 census. Both censuses record Mary Brown having a daughter named Eliza. Alexander and Eliza are both buried in Orton Cemetery, and it is possible that Mary Brown rests there too, but due to the ambiguity of her name, this cannot be determined for certain (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165). Beyond these two families at Orton in 1880, there is a long list of workers, with their occupation listed as either “Farm Hand” or “Work at Rice Plantation.” These include several people that show up in later census groups, such as Henry Delts, Robert Smith, Friday Pickett, and Island Pickett. Other surnames common in the area are present as well, such as Green, Drew, Gallway, Hill, Hooper, and Clark. One other person is listed below the two organized households, and his name is Bob Leeks. He is listed as thirty-five years old. Though he never appears in the census in any other year, he does show up again in the Smithville Census for 1880, possibly indicating overlap between Orton and Kendal Plantations (United States Census Bureau 1870 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule). Ten days after the census was taken at Orton Plantation, a Robert Leak, who is now forty years old, appears again in the Smithville census. He is once again listed near a long listing of people who “work at [a] Rice Plantation.” Also listed above Leak is Thomas Clark, who had purchased land in Town Creek only seven years ago. Clark is listed in the Curtis Account Book for Kendal Plantation for 1879 though, so either he was working when the census was recorded, or he still lived on Kendal (Trinkley and Hacker 2018:86). Others associated with the plantations are listed, including a McKoy/McKay family, Isham Moore, George Freeman, and Eli Davis (United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule). This listing appears to have also caught workers during the middle of the workday, and possibly represents workers in the rice fields at Kendal, showing some overlap with Orton workers. 73 The Marsh Branch census for 1880 is missing one of the land’s key owners, Sarah Hooper. Though Hooper does not appear in the census, a few of the other men mentioned in the deed are present in the Smithville township, representing the newly forming Marsh Branch community. William Davis appears near several members of the Green Family, which was most likely Sarah’s maiden name, since she claims an Arman Green as her brother through the 20th century. These include John Green and Preston Green, the latter also showing up in the Marsh Branch Community into the 20th century. Also of note are members of the Reynolds family, which are listed on the same pages of the Marsh Branch Community members. In the 1890s and 1900s, African Americans that become part of the Marsh Branch community purchased lands that once belonged to the Reynolds family, including Frederick Reynolds and Enoch Reynolds, both listed on these pages. Titus Merrick, one of the other names listed in the deed, lives with his uncle William Green in Town Creek township, showing that the community may not have fully developed by the taking of the census in 1880. The deed completing the sale of the Devant Tract to Sarah Hooper was not signed until December of 1880, while the census was taken in June of that year. Marsh Branch was still in the developing stages as a major African American community at this time (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB Z]:370-371; United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule). The Fate of the 1890 Census and Information from Other Sources The 1890 census was destroyed in a fire in 1921, which broke out in the Commerce Building located in Washington D.C. (Blake 1996). This leaves a twenty-year gap in the development of the three communities, though descriptions from newspaper articles allude to some of the happenings in the area. During the last two decades of the 19th century, a church was 74 built at Orton Plantation, after a fire destroyed an earlier one, and several parties for the African Americans on the plantation were held, including two cake walks that made the papers. Names previously seen in the census, such as Friday Pickett, are mentioned in the newspapers, alongside new ones that will remain in the communities until their death, such as John E. Pearson (The Wilmington Morning Star March 22 1893:1; The Wilmington Morning Star April 6 1893:1; The Wilmington Messenger 1894:4). By 1900, all three of the communities are firmly established and well represented in the census (United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule). The Communities in 1900 The establishing families of Dark Branch are partially present by 1900, with Frank Brown Jr. and Fannie living there with their son, James. George Freeman, listed in the Smithville census at Kendal Plantation in 1880, was renting the house next to the Browns in 1900. The Solomon Walker family purchased land in the community in 1886, but apparently Solomon either died before 1900 or was not present at the taking of the census, as Julia and their six children, including Maggie [Margaret], are the only ones listed (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB FF]:189-190). Charles Allen and Hagar Gallway/Galloway still lived in Dark Branch in 1900, though it appears Caesar Gallway had passed away. Isham Moore, who was listed as a worker in the rice fields at Kendal in the 1880 census, was renting a house in Dark Branch by 1900. Jacob McKay/McKoy is listed in Dark Branch in 1900 with his wife Silla, and their seven children and one granddaughter. The McKay/McKoy family, who were listed at Kendal in 1880, purchased land in Dark Branch in 1899 (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB RR]:169- 170). Archie Murray is a new renter in the area, and the surname Murry had appeared in the list of the rice workers in 1880, though it was not Archie. Archie Murray shows up in other communities later. Finally, another new name, William Edge, appears in Dark Branch in 1900. 75 The Edge Family, including William and his father Henry, was listed in the Town Creek census in 1870 and 1880, near the Dark Branch area. They may have been living on Lilliput Plantation or Pleasant Oaks Plantation prior to 1900, but after 1900, the Edges consistently lived in the Dark Branch Community (United States Census Bureau 1870 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule). The 1900 census is the first time that the Orton Community is organized by households, allowing for interpretation of who is actually living on the plantation, not just in the area or working in the rice fields. All people listed in this group are recorded as renting their homes, which would be expected since the Murchison family owned the property. The only remaining family in 1900, that was living in a house on the plantation in the 1870s and 1880s, is the Brown family. William Brown, who was born about 1869, was living in a house with his wife and three children, while his mother, Mary Brown, lived one household over. Henry Delts, along with his wife Sarah and five children, including Mathew and Charley, are listed in the Orton Community. Henry was listed in the 1880 list of rice workers at Orton, along with Friday Pickett, who is also listed in the Orton Community in 1900. A man named Joseph Pickett is listed in 1900 as well, alongside Sep Clark, Ben McCray, William Everett, James Jenkins, Mac McCary, S. Underwood, and Peter Lawrance. These names do not show up again in the Orton Community. Only one white person is listed among this community, his name being Wesley Corbett. Deeds reveal that Corbett owned land south of the plantation, near the Marsh Branch Community, and sold it to African Americans in later years (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB ZZ]:285- 286; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB VV]:58). His presence in the census could reveal a split in the community, with the names above his living off the plantation (such as Henry Delts, 76 Friday Picket, and Peter Lawrance). This is unlikely though, first because Corbett’s occupation is listed as “Farm Overseer,” making it likely that he worked at Orton Plantation as the overseer, possibly living in the overseer’s cabin, which is most likely the building known as Eliga’s House today. Both an “R” and an “O” were written in for home ownership beside Corbett’s name, implying the census taker was unsure of whether he owned or rented the home. Also missing in this listing is Corbett’s wife, Maud Corbett, whom he had been married to since 1897 (North Carolina, Marriage Records, 1741-2011). Interestingly, Wesley Corbett is also listed as living in Wilmington with Maud and their son in 1900. Corbett was most likely counted in the census while he was just working at Orton. Also making a separation of the Orton Community unlikely is the fact that the name Frederick Kidder, the owner of Kendal at this time, is listed directly above the Delts family, making it likely that the enumerator continued recording names while walking directly down from Kendal to Orton. One last piece of evidence is that fact that both Henry and Sarah Delts are buried in the Orton Cemetery, making it more likely that they lived within this community. Other people listed in the census in the Orton Community for 1900 include Katie Dixon and John E. Pearson, who continue to live there later (United States Census Bureau 1870 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule). A few of the founders of the Marsh Branch Community were present in the census by 1900, with both Sarah Hooper and Titus Merrick living there. Sarah Hooper is listed with her brother Arman Green. A different, much older, William Brown is living in Marsh Branch, along with a Ben Johnson, Julia Hill, Enoch Griffin, and Hampton Warrey. One person of importance listed in the Marsh Branch 1900 census is Nancy Gore, who was deeded fifty acres of land in this area in 1892 from Preston Green, though the land actually came from the black land owner 77 James Reaves, who had written Nancy Gore into his will (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB JJ]:325-326). She remained in the area until her death in 1918, when she was buried in Drew Cemetery (“Drew Cemetery”). Preston Green lives near Marsh Branch in 1900, though he is listed one page away, separated from the rest of the residents by several white families. He is most likely living between Orton Plantation and the Marsh Branch Community. William Davis, one of the men mentioned in the 1880 deed is still not present in the community, but a Sam Davis was living there by 1900, though he is renting a home, making it unlikely that they are related since William probably owned land. Also living in the household of Arman Green is a lodger by the name of William Betts, along with his wife Cynthia and their child. Though another Betts family move into Marsh Branch later, this family does not appear to be directly related to them (United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule). The Communities in 1910 The Dark Branch Community was still the home of Frank and Fannie Brown in 1910, though they were the only remaining founders of the community. Tom Clark and Robert Hooper continue to go unlisted in the census in 1910. The first two names in the census, Venus/Venis Davis and Kate Moore, may not have lived in the community. Venus Davis was buried at the nearby Pleasant Oaks Plantation Cemetery, and Kate Moore appears to have bounced between communities, being buried at Marsh Branch later (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909- 1976; Trinkley and Hacker 2018:86). Venus Davis is consistently listed near the Dark Branch Community between 1910 and 1930. Below those two, Lucinda Watters, Ann Davis, and Miles Brewington are listed as three separate households. According to death certificates for Elsie Hooper and David Brewington, Lucinda Watters and Miles Brewington bore children together during the 1890s, implying that they lived near one another (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 78 1909-1976). In 1900, Venus Davis, Kate Moore, Miles Brewington, and King Solomon [also recorded at Solomon King in other years] all lived near one another in Town Creek, though not in Dark Branch, possibly on Lilliput or Pleasant Oaks Plantations. William Edge is listed below Miles Brewington, continuing on with Joseph Clark, Margaret Walker, Robert Clark Jr. (son of the Robert Clark who was listed here in 1880), Melvin Smith, Isham Moore, Kate Brown, Jacob McKoy, William P. Brown, Charles Allen, Abraham Jones, and Samuel Betts. Margaret Walker is the daughter of Solomon and Julia Walker, who originally lived in the Orton Community and then bought land in Dark Branch. Abraham Jones was the father of Christiana Jones (Figure 17), who goes on to marry Mathew Delts later, and Clarence Jones (Figure 18), one of Orton Plantation’s most famous employees. Abraham’s wife was Annie Brown Jones, the daughter of Frank Brown Jr. (United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule). In 1910, a couple of the same renters are continuing to live in the Orton Community. Both Henry Delts and John E. Pearson, and their wives, Sarah and Hannah respectively, still live at Orton. The famed Jeffery Lawrence, who was written about in the newspapers at his death and also included in Sprunts’ The Story of Orton Plantation, appears to be living on the plantation by this point (Figure 16). He is amongst the other names, and is listed as ninety-seven years old. It is possible that he relocated closer to the community in his old age, especially since he died only a year later (Bill Reaves File, Orton Plantation:24). There were several new names in the Orton Community by 1910, including Daniel Bennett, Andrew Holland, William Loftin, J. Brown, Richard McClammy, John Murry, Archie Murry, Alexander Bryant, Thomas Allen, Samuel Caison, Sarah Walker, and James Johnson. Archie Murry was living in Dark Branch in 1900, but appears to have moved onto Orton at some point before 1910. Thomas Allen is the son of 79 Charles Allen, who once lived with his father in the Dark Branch Community. Both Richard McClammy and Sarah Walker live at Orton for many years after this first appearance, with Sarah staying through the 1930s and Richard staying through the 1920s. Richard was eventually buried in the Orton African American Cemetery. Robert Smith, one of the rice workers from the 1880 Orton census, appears to have returned to rent a house on the property by 1910 as well. By this time, Luola Murchison was the owner of Orton Plantation, and was most likely already developing the property’s famous gardens. Robert Smith and J. Brown are both listed as working at the “farm garden.” Also of note is John E. Pearson’s occupation, working on a cotton compress. Luola’s husband, James Sprunt, owned the cotton exporting firm Alexander Sprunt and Son, operating out of the Cotton Exchange in Wilmington (Sprunt 1980:12). John E. Pearson’s role on the plantation may have changed with the new ownership. Another white family, including three boarders, is listed amongst the Orton Community, just as Wesley Corbett was in 1900. This time a man is listed as “Boss Leonard,” who was renting a house within the community, with his wife Wincie. This is most likely Lenon Bass Leonard, originally from the Waccamaw Township. His occupation was listed a “distiller,” in the turpentine industry. Orton was participating in harvesting the pine forest on their land at this time, and Bass Leonard may have worked and lived on Orton Plantation for that reason (United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule). Between the 1900 and 1910 censuses, the Marsh Branch Community developed into a large community, which often filled several pages in the census in the following years. Several new landowners appeared in the Marsh Branch Community during this period as well, including Joseph Lawrance, Friday Pickett, and William Reaves, who were all previously listed as renting 80 houses in the Orton Community (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB VV]:58; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB ZZ]:285-286; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB 8]:399; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB 16]:425). Sarah Hooper and Arman/Armon Green also deeded land to the Marsh Branch Colored Zion Methodist Church in 1907, helping to further establish the community (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB 2]:310-312). Included in the census for the Marsh Branch Community in 1910 is William Reaves, Arman/Armon Green, Sarah Hooper, Joseph Lawrance, Andrew Rutland, Samuel Davis, Friday Pickett, Preston Green, George Green, William Green, John Parker, Nancy Gore, Alfred Betts, and Island Pickett. These are only a few of the many names, though the surnames McMillin/McMillon/McMillian, Jones, Merrick, Brown, Hill, and Murry are also present. Also of note are the interspersed white families within the community (United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule). There were existing white communities in this area prior to the development of the Marsh Branch Community, and this area of River Road was most likely a mix of white and black families in 1910. The main cemetery used by the Marsh Branch Community was the Drew Cemetery, which was originally a white cemetery for members of the Drew Family who had lived in this area before the development of Marsh Branch (Trinkley and Hacker 2018:188). The full list of names for the 1910 census is included in Appendix D, and should be referenced to gauge the size of the community at this time. It covered over five sheets of the census in 1910. The Communities in 1920 Frank Brown Jr., the founder of the Dark Branch Community, died in 1916, and though his wife Fannie lived until 1926, she is not found in the 1920 census (“Brown Cemetery”). Their son, James Brown, is also no longer listed. This means that in the 1920 census, for the first time, the Dark Branch Community contained none of its founding landowners. One of the original 81 residents had moved back by 1920 though, with Solomon King renting a house there. In 1915, William Edge used the land he had received from Tom Clark as collateral on a loan, suggesting that Edge may have received the lands from Clark up to twenty years ago, since the Edges had lived in Dark Branch since at least 1900, and Tom Clark never appeared in the community (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [25]:232). William Edge is listed alongside other remaining members of the Dark Branch Community in the 1920 census, including Mag [Maggie] Walker, William P. Brown, Isham Moore, Miles Brewington, Abe [Abraham] Jones, and Joseph Clark. There are several Brewington households listed in the community, as well as two separate McKoy households. Queen Ann Deltz/Brown, the daughter of William P. Brown, is also listed in this census. She had a relationship with John/Johnnie Delts, one of the sons of Henry Delts, and they had a daughter together, but are never listed as living together (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). Their daughter, Pearl Deltz/Brown, is listed with her mother in Dark Branch, in the house of William P. Brown (United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule). The 1920 census for the Smithville Township of Brunswick County was badly executed, with many people’s names shortened to their first initial. This is the fault of the enumerator, John R. Dosher. The section for the Orton Community is particularly bad, though some of the reoccurring names for this community made its location obvious within the township. The Orton Community had decreased in number by 1920, even though a new chapel for the African American community had just been constructed on the site in 1916 (The Evening Dispatch 1916:5). Thomas Allen, Richard McClammy, John E. Pearson, Katie Dickson [Dixon], and Sarah J. Walker all reappear in the Orton Community in the 1920 census. Katie Dixon was listed in 1900, but is not listed in any township in the 1910 census. Sarah J. Walker is referred to as 82 Sarah Walker in 1910, and then Sarah J. in 1920, though the name is finally combined in the 1930 census [Sarah J. Walker]. Her age increases accordingly in all of these census groups, and she is consistently listed in the Orton Community. Another person who appears in 1920 is H. Rutland, most likely referring to Holland Rutland, who had lived just outside of the Marsh Branch Community in 1910. The other names in the community are J. Vaught [Joseph Vaught], T. Jones, D. Everett, K. Moore [Kate Moore], L. Warters, T. Morgan, C. Dolce, and A. Launder. Joseph Vaught is associated with a small tenant settlement on Kendal Plantation, meaning that these eight names may represent people living on the nearby Kendal Plantation (United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule; Trinkley and Hacker 2015:209). The Marsh Branch Community was also recorded by the enumerator John R. Dosher in 1920. On this section of the Smithville Township census, some of the community members have their full first names spelled out, which made identification somewhat easier than in the Orton Community. Sarah Hooper is missing from this census, even though her headstone in the Orton African American Cemetery states that she died in 1923 (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165). Her brother, Arman Green, who she was recorded as living with in the past, died in 1919 and was buried in the Orton Cemetery, though his name on his death certificate is Ormond. Also, his death certificate lists his father as Jack Green, which was most likely the Jack Green named in the 1880 deed for Marsh Branch from the Murchison family (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). Nancy Gore, who had been listed in the Marsh Branch Community since 1900, died in 1918 and was buried in the Drew Cemetery (“Drew Cemetery”). Friday Pickett, who had purchased land in Marsh Branch in 1909, also died in 1918 and was buried at Marsh Branch 83 (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). William Reaves, Joseph Lawrence, George Green, Alfred Betts, Island Pickett, and possibly William Green [listed as W.H. Green] all remained in the Marsh Branch Community between 1910 and 1920. Other surnames that are present in 1920 include McMillon, Smith, Jones, Joiner [Joyner], Rutland, and Gore. By 1920, Preston Green was no longer listed in the census, suggesting he may have died, but no death certificate could be located, and he was not included in any of the available cemetery lists for the area (United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule). The Communities in 1930 In the decade between 1920 and 1930, the Dark Branch Community slightly increased in size. Many of the same households still resided in the community, including those of Maggie Walker, William Edge, Joe [Joseph] Clark, Solomon King, Miles Brewington, Queen Ann and Pearl Brown/Deltz, James Brown, and Venis [Venus] Davis. Several new names appeared, including Lizzie Moore, James White, Samuel Dudley, Clara Adams, John Ramaur, Fred Loftin, and Gilbert Vans. A new Robert Clark household is listed, who appears to be the son of Joseph Clark, rather than the older Robert Clark Jr. that was here prior to 1910. Annie Jones is also still in the Dark Branch Community, though it appears that her husband Abraham has died, but he could not be identified in any of the cemetery lists and no death certificate was found. Living with Annie Jones is her son Clarence Jones (Figure 18), who would eventually go on to work for the Sprunt family at Orton as their lead gardener (Cantwell 2008). One of Annie Jones’ daughters, Christianna Delts (Figure 17), is also present in the Dark Branch Community by 1930, living with her husband Mathew Delts, the son of Henry Delts of the Orton Community. Mathew Delts purchased land in the Marsh Branch Community from Sarah Hooper and Arman Green in 84 1916, but by 1920 had purchased land in Dark Branch Community as well, and then moved there (Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB 28]:183; Brunswick County Register of Deeds [DB 100]:129). A quit claim deed from the late 1940s claims the family lived in Dark Branch for about ten years, but Mathew died in 1936 and Christiana Delts claimed on the Orton Community census in 1940 that she had been living at Orton since at least 1935 (United States Census Bureau 1940 Population Schedules; North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). It is likely that following Mathews’ death in 1936, Christiana relocated to Orton Plantation, where Mathew was buried, to live in his family’s old rental home with their children (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165). In 1930, the Dark Branch Community had several other surnames represented as well, including Brown, Mills, Alridge (Aldridge), Holland, Reaves, Haskins, McMillan, Smith, and Price. Once again, several Brewington households are listed, along with two McKoy households. The McKoy households are those of John McKoy and Duncan McKoy, two of Jacob McKoy’s sons. Jacob lived in the Dark Branch Community prior to his death in 1912. Within the decade following the 1930 census, Dark Branch appears to decrease in size (United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1930 Population Schedule). When the census is taken in 1930, it appears that the number of houses left to rent at Orton may have decreased. Maps produced in the early 1930s suggest this, and the number of community members present at the taking of the census support this possibility (United States Department of Agriculture 1937). Only five African American households are listed in the Orton Community in 1930, including the families of Thomas Allen, Kate Dickson [Dixon], John E. Pearson, Sarah J. Walker, and Charles Delts, one of the sons of Henry Delts. There is one white household listed in the Orton Community in 1930, that of John E. Batchelor, who lives with his 85 wife and brother. Thomas Allen, his wife Harriett Allen, their son, and their two nieces are the only family to live above the Batchelor household, suggesting they may live on another part of Orton or possibly on Kendal Plantation. John E. Batchelor listed his occupation as the superintendent of Orton Plantation, implying he may have lived in what is known today as Eliga’s House, named for a later, also white occupant that held a similar position on the plantation (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:182). The Orton Community appears to have only lost residents between 1920 and 1930. Richard McClammy is not listed as present in 1930, but his death is not until 1936, and he is buried in the Orton African American Cemetery (Trinkley and Hacker:165). It is unclear what happened to Richard, his wife, and three of his daughters, who were all listed in the Orton Community in 1920. The only resident gained in 1930, other than Batchelor, was Charles Delts, but he had previously lived here with his parents. Renting houses on Orton Plantation appears to have becoming less popular with each passing decade, possibly reflecting the plantation’s change from agricultural production to gardening. The area in which the African American community was located was transformed into the oak lined entryway that led to the main gardens, and the decreasing number of people living here may be a reflection of changes made to this area of the plantation, for beautification purposes (United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1930 Population Schedule). The Marsh Branch Community remained large over the ten years between 1920 and 1930, continuing to take up multiple pages of the census. Many of the same people continued to live in the community, including Samuel Davis, Alfred Betts, John Joyner [Joiner], and Joseph Lawrance. Holland Rutland is also back in the Marsh Branch Community by 1930. A few other people living in Marsh Branch in 1930, some of which had been there in 1920, were James and 86 Andrew McMillon, William Parker, Oliver Parker, George Green, William Green, David Galloway, Kelly Reaves, Edward Brown, Paul Bratton, Henry Hill, John Brown and his son-in- law Willie Joyner, William Wilson, and Fletcher Smith. George and William Green are separated from the other African American members of the community by James Bogie, a white man who lived near the Marsh Branch Community. William Reaves was listed as present when the census was taken on April 9th, 1930, but he died four days later and was buried in Drew Cemetery (“Drew Cemetery”). Kate Moore is also listed as a resident of the community, living with her son-in-law, Walter Jones. She moved from Orton or Kendal to Marsh Branch between 1920 and 1930, and died in July of 1930, being buried in Drew Cemetery at Marsh Branch (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976; “Drew Cemetery”). Other surnames included in the Marsh Branch Community in 1930 are Johnson, Gore, Bellamy, and Clark (United States Census Bureau 1930 Population Schedule). The months and years directly following the 1930 census brought the deaths of several members of the second generation of landowners in the Marsh Branch Community. The Communities in 1940 In the final census year of this study, all the communities seem smaller and previous members of each are missing, though they do not appear to have died. In the Dark Branch Community, all the members of the Brewington family, which was growing in size in the years prior, have disappeared. Some, such as Lena Brewington, have moved out of Brunswick County, but are listed as being buried in Brown Cemetery much later. Others, such as Jenkins Brewington, have disappeared completely, though their death dates are not before 1940 (“Brown Cemetery”). Still present in the community in 1940 though are William Edge, Lizzie Moore, Fred Loftin, James White, James Brown, Samuel Dudley, Clara Adams, John Ramsaur, Gilbert 87 Vans, and Queen Ann Deltz [Brown]. The wife of Joseph Clark, Sarah Clark, is still living in the Dark Branch in 1940 as well. Several new names have appeared, though all of their surnames are familiar to this area by this point. These people include LeRoy Vaught, William Brown, Joseph Ramaur, Peter Green, and Samuel Brown. One other striking disappearance is that of Clarence Jones (Figure 18), who had returned to the area by 1930 and was living with his mother (United States Census Bureau 1930 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1940 Population Schedule). In interviews, he has stated that he began working for Orton Plantation in the 1920s, making his disappearance in 1940 unusual (Cantwell 2008). The 1940 census for the Orton Community shows that the number of houses for rent has decreased to around three. In the summer of 2018, during UNCW’s field school at Orton Plantation, Eugene Vaught described the landscape he remembered at the site from his childhood, which would have been around 1940. He recalled between three and four houses being on the site and described the African American church that was located on Orton, where he attended school. Mr. Vaught was also able to identify two of the residents of the remaining houses on the plantation, Christiana Delts (Figure 17) and Duncan McKoy (Eugene Vaught, pers. comm.). His oral history matches with the census record, showing that the remaining residents of the Orton Community included Herman Elliss, Christiana Delts, and Duncan McKoy. Alex Bogie, the white assistant manager of the plantation, is listed directly above the Orton Community on the census, suggesting that he may have lived in Eliga’s House, which is north of the Orton African American Community. Above Bogie’s name is the household of Joseph Vaught, listing also his wife and six children, including six-year-old Eugene Vaught. Joseph and Eugene Vaught are associated, through oral histories, with a house on Kendal Plantation. The family of Lewis Aldridge is also listed above Bogie’s, suggesting that both the Vaught and 88 Aldridge families lived at Kendal (United States Census Bureau 1940 Population Schedule). The Christmas photographs taken by Life photographer Elliot Elisofon during December of this year most likely depict many, if not all, of these people, and probably some of those from the Dark Branch and Marsh Branch Communities as well. Unfortunately, the photographs are not labelled, so it is difficult to determine who is in them (Elisofon 1930-1988). After 1940, the number of residents at Orton continually decreases, and the Orton Community is abandoned with the 1950s development of Sunny Point by the United States Army, to the south of Orton (Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation). Though the Marsh Branch Community lost a few members between 1930 and 1940, it remained the largest community in the census. The Marsh Branch listing starts on the page following the Orton Community in the census, separated by a few white families, including James Bogie. The community is also divided in the middle by white families, suggesting that African Americans and whites continued to live near one another along this part of River Road. Many people remained in the Marsh Branch Community between 1930 and 1940, including James Reaves, Edward Brown, William Green and his son William H. Green, George Green, Paul Bratton, Joseph Lawrance, William Wilson, Willie Joyner, Alfred Betts, James McMillan, William Parker, David Galloway, Fletcher Smith, Kelly Reaves, and Oliver Parker. Also present were the wives of several men who had died in the past decade, such as Mary Brown, the wife of John Brown, Delia Hill, the wife of Henry Hill, and Nora McMillan, the wife of Andrew McMillan (“Brown Cemetery”). The majority of the names listed as living in the Marsh Branch Community in 1940 had either lived there before or had connections to the area (United States Census Bureau 1940 Population Schedule). By 1940, Marsh Branch was probably the largest of the African American communities connected to the plantation area, running from Pleasant 89 Oaks/Dark Branch to Marsh Branch. Within fifteen years, this would drastically change, with the development of Sunny Point. The military terminal was constructed on top of the Marsh Branch Community, forcing the families to sell their land to the United States government (Bill Reaves File – Orton Plantation). This caused the Marsh Branch Community to scatter throughout the country, though some of the residents moved up towards the Dark Branch Community. Dark Branch is where many of the descendants of the people that lived in the Dark Branch and Orton communities currently reside today (The Brunswick Beacon 1989:6A). The Households of the Orton Community Now that the timeline of the communities has been described, revealing where certain African American families in this area of the Lower Cape Fear region lived, more attention can be given to the people living on Orton Plantation during this period. The number of structures on the plantation is relatively known, through the site’s depiction on maps from this period. Using the number of structures depicted through time, the names of individuals listed in the Orton Community at each census from the years 1900 through 1940, and information recalled by Mr. Eugene Vaught during his visit to the 2018 UNCW field school, an attempt was made to attach names to the houses that once stood on Orton Plantation. The censuses taken in 1870 and 1880 are too vague to determine where people are living. Though there is no way to know for certain if these names are correctly attached to specific structures, studies such as this one need to be completed in order to help reconnect identities with the places people once lived. This will allow for better context to be given to artifacts and features discovered on sites where disenfranchised people lived, making the information learned more personal, particularly for descendant communities. Only a few names were attached to the structures, due to the ambiguity surrounding those people that only appeared in one census year. The attempt described below is 90 only the first step in trying to reconnect identities with the spaces they once inhabited, and as more is learned about the African Americans that lived on Orton Plantation, more names can be securely attached to other structures. The map shown in Figure 14 assigns numbers to each of the structures shown on historic maps in the area of the Orton Community. Not all of these buildings were present from 1870 to 1940, because the community decreased in size over time. Figure 14 reflects the number of buildings present in 1878, which was when the largest number of structures was depicted in the site area. The numbers were placed near the approximate location of the structures on the 1878 discussed in this chapter. map, after it was georeferenced to a modern aerial image of the site (United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1878). Beginning at the bottom right corner of the map, House 1 was most likely rented by Henry Delts and his family. Their occupation most likely began prior to 1900, and ended with his death in 1919 (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165). House 1 was probably reoccupied by Henry Delts’ son, Charles Delts, between Henry’s death and 1930, when he is recorded as living in the Orton Community. When Mathew Delts died in 1936, by falling off of a truck trailer in Pender County, his wife Christiana Jones Delts most likely relocated to the Delts’ old rental home (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). Mathew was buried in the Orton African American Cemetery, and the census and oral history places Christiana on Orton by 1940 (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165; Eugene Vaught pers. comm.). Also, Mathew Delts’ death certificate indicates that he was born on Orton Plantation, placing the Delts family in the community by 1894 or 1895 (North Carolina, Death Certificates, 1909-1976). Henry Delts was listed as working in the Orton rice fields in 1880, but it is not clear if he was living there at that time. (United States Census Bureau 1880 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 91 14 13 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 15 5 4 3 2 1 0 15 30 60 Meters ° NC Center for Geographic Information & Analysis Figure 14. Approximate location of houses shown on historic maps, georeferenced to a modern aerial image of the site. The houses are numbered and correspond with the house numbers referenced in this chapter. (ex: House 1) 92 1900 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1930 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1940 Population Schedule) Across the road is House 2, which was most likely occupied by Sarah J. Walker between 1910 and 1930. Eugene Vaught recalled a structure possibly standing across the road from Christiana Delts’ house, and the 1932 Soil Map also depicts a structure standing in that location (“Soil Map, Brunswick County, North Carolina,” 1937; Eugene Vaught pers. comm.). Sarah J. Walker lived closest to Charles Delts at the time, making it likely that she occupied that structure. Prior to her occupation the names in this vicinity (living near the Delts, possibly the families of William Reaves or John Bryant) are too ambiguous, since they do not appear multiple times for cross-comparison. Therefore, no people can be positively associated with this structure prior to 1910. The same problem arises with the entire timeline of possible occupation for Houses 3, 5, and 6, and therefore they cannot be reassociated with any people at this time. The structures directly north of House 2 are Houses 4, 7, and 8. Due to their proximity to House 2, these structures were possibly the rental house of Thomas Allen. Thomas lived near Sarah J. Walker in the 1910 and 1920 censuses, suggesting their homes were closer together. In 1930, his name is listed above John E. Batchelor’s, separating him from the others in the Orton Community and therefore suggesting he lives in a different location at that time. This could be a result of the order the enumerator visited the houses in though, possibly missing Sarah J. Walker on his trip up Orton Road, and then writing her household down on the way back. It is also possible that Thomas Allen moved between 1920 and 1930, which is always a possibility with rental housing. The reason for the change in 1930 cannot be determined for certain. Based on the 1910 and 1920 censuses, he is tentatively associated with Houses 4, 7, and 8. House 4 is most 93 likely the structure excavated by the UNCW field school in 2018. When the coordinates for the brick feature were entered into ArcGIS Pro and overlaid on the georeferenced 1888 map, the excavated area was projected on top of House 4. The location of the brick feature on the 1888 map can be seen in Figure 15. (United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1930 Population Schedule). One of the best supported areas for identity and structure association is the northernmost part of the Orton Community. In the census, John E. Pearson is consistently listed far from the Delts within the community, while always remaining close to the white overseer/manager/superintendent of the plantation. The structure associated with white managers on the plantation is Eliga’s house, which is located directly north of the Orton African American Community, between the 2018 UNCW archaeological site and the Orton main house. Pearson was listed near Wesley Corbett, Bass Leonard, and John E. Batchelor. After John E. Pearson dies in 1936, his grandson, Herman Elliss, who was living with him in 1930, is listed as living near Alex Bogie, the superintendent of Orton Plantation at the time. This places him in one of the northernmost structures within the Orton Community, either House 14 or House 13. Throughout this time period, Katie Dixon [Dickson] is also listed near the white overseer/manager/superintendent, and often the neighbor or lodger of John E. Pearson. Whether she lived in her own home, or with the Pearsons cannot be determined, due to her name being listed both ways over time. Since that is the case, Kate Dixon [Dickson] is also associated with House 13 and House 14 (United States Census Bureau 1900 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1930 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 94 1940 Population Schedule). Later, a man named Johnnie Edge, related to the Dark Branch Edge family, lives in House 14, and the house is now named after him (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:190). Living next door to John E. Pearson in both the 1910 and 1920 censuses was Richard McClammy. The McClammy family’s proximity to the Pearsons, while also in the direction of Henry Delts in 1910 and Sarah J. Walker in 1920, places them south of John E. Pearson. This makes it most likely that the McClammy’s rented either House 10, House 11, or House 12. The further distance of House 10 from the northern part of the community makes it an unlikely choice though, when compared to the closer proximity of Houses 11 and 12. Therefore Houses 11 and 12 have the strongest association with Richard McClammy. House 9 is too far from the Pearsons to be Richard McClammy’s home, while also being too far from Sarah J. Walker to be Thomas Allen’s home, so no person or family can be positively associated with that structure at this time (United States Census Bureau 1910 Population Schedule; United States Census Bureau 1920 Population Schedule). The final structure is House 15, which is the westernmost building on the site. It has the most above-ground archaeological features in the present of any of the previously removed structures at the Orton Community. The only person who can be positively associated with House 15 is Duncan McKoy. Eugene Vaught remembered Duncan living there during his childhood, which would be have been the late 1930s and early 1940s (Eugene Vaught pers. comm.). The 1940 census lists Duncan McKoy living in the Orton Community, placing him at the end of the list. This would make sense if the enumerator followed the road, starting at Alex Bogie, and moving south, passing either House 14 or House 13, then visiting House 1, and then stepping off the road, out to the furthest house in the area, since it is further off the road than any 95 of the other houses (United States Census Bureau 1940 Population Schedule). Prior to Duncan McKoy moving to House 15, between 1930 and 1940, the placement of the house is too far out from the others to gauge who was living there. That fact, combined with the ambiguity of the centermost names in the community, which are not often repeated between two census years, makes it difficult to assign any particular person or family to House 15 prior to the 1930s. Out of all of these structures depicted in Figure 14, the only building left standing on the site today is House 14, which was accidentally burned in 2011, but was reconstructed later. Houses 1, 2, and 15 were possibly moved to the side of River Road, north of Orton Plantation, after the construction of Sunny Point in the early 1950s (Trinkley and Hacker 2015:114, 190). The dates of occupation used in analysis of possible residents in the buildings on Orton Plantation not only relied on the years that the census was taken, but also on the dates that the maps, which depicted the number and layout of the structures in the Orton Community, were produced. Historical sources can only provide a certain amount of information, but through the use of archaeological methods, tighter dates may be able to be placed on individual structures at the site. More of the structures in the Orton Community should be investigated archaeologically, not only to give more limited date ranges to individual buildings, but also to uncover more information about the daily lives of the African Americans who lived and worked on Orton Plantation. In 1989, Clarence Jones helped organize a reunion for the members of the African American communities located in between Leland and Southport in Brunswick County. It included not only people from Dark Branch, Marsh Branch, and Orton, but also people from Old Town, which is located north of Dark Branch, and people who once lived in the community of the Neck, another African American community displaced by the military terminal, Sunny Point. 96 A newspaper article in The Brunswick Beacon described memories of past community members, including Clarence’s grandparents, Frank and Fannie Brown, the postmaster and church leader Solomon King, and a woman named Mary Brown, who was known as a “healer” and could be any of the women who had that name in all three of the communities covered here. The article emphasized that the reunion was about memory and place. Rosa Bell McMillon, an Orton employee at the time, stated, “it’s important because we want our children to remember where we came from and who we are” (The Brunswick Beacon 1989:6A) It is not only important for the community itself to self-reflect, as Mrs. McMillon wished for in 1989, but it is also important that the stories of these people be included in the larger historical narrative of the Lower Cape Fear region. This chapter organized the names of African American individuals and families into three major community groups, and then attempted to reconnect a few of the people who lived in Orton Community with the structures they once inhabited. More work should be done to associate identities with places, not only in the Lower Cape Fear region, but also in other disenfranchised communities throughout the world. No history of a place can be complete when the stories relating to any segment of the larger population are ignored. 97 NC Center for Geographic Information & Analysis Figure 15. The georeferenced 1888 map entitled, “Cape Fear River, from Reeves Point to Wilmington, North Carolina,” with the location of the chimney base excavated in 2018 depicted as the red dot. 98 Figure 16. Jeffery Lawrence. (Block 1998). Figure 17. Christianna Delts. (jdavis914’s Ancestry.com Account) 99 Figure 18. Clarence Jones. (Bernard 2014) 100 CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION The purpose of this project was to determine the function and date of occupation for a structure located on Orton Plantation through the excavation of one of the rubble piles within the area previously identified as a 19th century African American settlement by the Chicora Foundation in 2012. An articulated brick and ballast stone feature was uncovered under the loose rubble of the southernmost pile on the site, which has been interpreted as the remains of a chimney. Through the combination of this archaeological and historical research, the function of the structure was revealed to be a cabin that housed enslaved African Americans in the Antebellum Period and then was used by free tenant farming African Americans who worked on Orton Plantation and other nearby businesses during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The date range for occupation was discovered through both archaeological and historical research, with the Mean Ceramic Dating (MCD) formula being applied to the historic sherds found archaeologically, resulting in a date of 1820.5. The research of Orton Plantation’s history, using both maps and written documents, revealed how ownership of and events on the property aligned with the archaeological site, suggesting that Dr. Frederick Hill developed the site in the 1830s from the ruins of buildings in the old town of Brunswick. Dateable artifacts were restricted to historic ceramic sherds in this project, and the MCD suggests that the structure was occupied during the first half of the 19th century. The ceramic assemblage is made up of mostly pearlware, a ceramic type popular during the early 19th century. The MCD for the site was about 1820, which appears to be too early when compared to the historical record. The site’s presence on maps through the late 19th century and early 20th century displays that occupation lasted much longer than the MCD suggests, but the earlier date for the structure could be due to the use of hand-me-down dishes by the residents of the structure, who most likely held a lower economic status. Enslaved laborers, and even poor tenant farming African Americans, may not have been able to afford the latest ceramic products, and pearlware may have been given to them after earlier use by whites or sold for lower prices during the later years of its production. The early date may also reflect an earlier removal of the structure excavated in 2018 than many of the structures on the site. Historical documents were one of the most lucrative areas for research in this project. The first depiction of the site on historic maps was on the 1862 map of the Cape Fear River, which was the only map to label the structures, calling them “cabins.” Maps displaying the site were more frequently printed after 1878, also showing more detail and specific structures. Over time, the number of buildings at the site decreases, until it is eventually abandoned in the 1950s. The presence of the site and a few of the activities that occurred there during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century are well known from historical sources. The abandonment of the site in the early 1950s is well established from historical documentation of the construction of Sunny Point and from oral histories. The earlier period of the settlement is virtually nonexistent in the historical record, but it’s history was able to be reconstructed using the general history of Orton Plantation in combination with artifacts recovered from the site. The site’s proximity to Orton’s rice fields, the historical connection of the African American community at the site, and the varying types of bricks and ballast stones that made up the main archaeological feature suggest that the site, including the structure excavated by the 2018 UNCW field school, was used to house enslaved African Americans in the Antebellum Period. When Dr. Frederick Hill began growing rice on the plantation, either for the first time or at a larger scale than before, he would have needed housing for the enslaved laborers working in the field. Rice was present at Orton by 1838, the rice field by 1839, and there was an increase in 102 the enslaved population between 1830 and 1840. Historical documents also reveal that Dr. Hill found the nearby, decaying town of Brunswick interesting, and he bought the property it sits on in 1845. The mixed types of bricks used to construct the chimney of the cabin could have been repurposed from the house ruins of Brunswick, and this possibility is strengthened by the presence of white and green glazed bricks being found in domestic contexts on both sites. These areas of evidence point toward the structure being built as part of a community of cabins for enslaved African Americans during the 1830s, when Dr. Hill began to develop rice agriculture at Orton Plantation, using materials salvaged from the ruins of Brunswick. Determining the function and date of occupation for the archaeological site is one step in including the African Americans who lived and worked along the banks of the Cape Fear River into the historical narrative of the Lower Cape Fear region, but more needs to be done to reveal who these people were. The research that was presented in the African American Communities chapter attempted to make the information learned from this thesis more personal. Through the combination of census records, cemetery lists, deeds, historic maps, and other historic documents, the African Americans living in the areas surrounding Orton Plantation were organized into the three major communities that existed from the end of the 19th century through the middle of the 20th century. The documents reveal that the communities were developed by African Americans already present in the region during the Reconstruction period, and that the two African American owned communities, Dark Branch and Marsh Branch, grew over time, while the rental properties on Orton Plantation decreased throughout the 20th century. Finally, an attempt was made to reconnect the identities of a few residents living in the Orton Community with the homes they once inhabited. 103 Now that the function and date range of occupation for both the structure excavated in the summer of 2018 and the rest of the site area has been determined, further questions about African American life in the Lower Cape Fear region can be explored. The final chapter of this thesis is just one example of topics that can be explored now that the site has been positively identified. The research presented here was built off of the first stage of archaeological work done at Orton Plantation. The next step, possibly occurring as soon as the summer of 2019, should be to uncover the area of an entire structure. This should be done to better understand the size of the buildings, more positively identify pier features that would have supported the structures, and to attempt to identify trash disposal areas. Yard spaces between the structures should also be one of the target areas for future excavations, in order to learn more about how these spaces were utilized. Previous research, alongside Gullah tradition, suggests that yard spaces were used similarly to indoor areas, and that much of the community activities occurred in these places. An attempt should also be made to locate the church/school house archaeologically, since this was most likely used as a community center for the African Americans who lived here and in the surrounding areas. Information about community activities beyond laboring in the rice fields and the happenings that occurred in the home would feed into a richer and more holistic image of the lives of African Americans in the Lower Cape Fear. This research adds to a large body of work done on the lives of African Americans that lived on plantations in the United States. Even though the southeastern tip of North Carolina was filled with plantations during the colonial and antebellum periods, very little archaeological work has been done on the African American spaces in these places. This project is certainly not the first to investigate this topic archaeologically in this region, but it is only one of a few, and hopefully research in this area will continue. Further work should be done towards uncovering 104 more about the African Americans who carried out the labor on places such as Orton Plantation, which hold such high levels of significance in local history. It is only after everyone’s past is included in the greater historical narrative that our story will be complete. 105 REFERENCES CITED Adams, William Hampton 2003 “Dating Historical Sites: The Importance of Understanding Time Lag in the Acquisition, Curation, Use, and Disposal of Artifacts.” Historical Archaeology, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 38–64. 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This Remote Part of the World: Regional Formation in Lower Cape Fear, North Carolina, 1725-1775. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia. 118 APPENDIX A – HISTORICAL MAPS OF THE EXCAVATION AREA 1775, Henry Mouzon, “An Accurate Map of North and South Carolina with their Indian Frontiers.” 1798, William Barker, Jonathan Price, and John Strother, “A map of Cape Fear River and its vicinity from the Frying Pan Shoals to Wilmington.” 1839, James Glynn, Matthew Fontaine Maury, and James Kirke Paulding, “Cape Fear River, North Carolina: Surveyed in Conformity to an Act of Congress.” 120 1853, GW Gregory and Charles P Bolles, “Cape Fear River (Reeves Point to Hill).” 1858-1865, United States Coast Survey, “Cape Fear River, North Carolina” 121 1862, R.F. Barnes, “Map of the Cape Fear River and the approaches to Wilmington, N.C.” 1878, US Coast and Geodetic Survey, “Coastal Chart T-1464a.” 122 1888, US Coast and Geodetic Survey, “Cape Fear River, from Reeves Point to Wilmington, North Carolina.” 1889, US Coast and Geodetic Survey, “Coastal Chart No. 149 Old Topsail Inlet to Cape Fear, North Carolina.” (First published in 1888) 123 1897, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, “Old Topsail Inlet to Cape Fear, North Carolina.” 1913, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, “No. 150. United States—East Coast, North Carolina: Old Topsail Inlet to Shallotte Inlet, including Cape Fear.” 124 1924, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, “No. 149. Old Topsail Inlet to Shallotte Inlet, including Cape Fear.” 1930-1943?, United States Post Office Department, “Rural Delivery Routes, Brunswick County, N.C.” 125 1937, United State Department of Agriculture, “Soil Map, Brunswick County, North Carolina.” Depicts 1932. 1948, U.S. Army Map Service, “Wilmington, North Carolina, Sheet 5452 III.” 126 1950, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, “Cape Fear River, Cape Fear to Wilmington.” 1967, North Carolina State Highway Commission Planning and Research Department, “Brunswick County, North Carolina.” 127 APPENDIX B – CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE Type and Decoration Basic Type Provenience Burned? Mean Date of Date Range Included in Mean Manufacture Delaware Ceramic Date? Plain Creamware Creamware 2.5.3 No 1791 1762-1820 Yes Creamware Creamware 1.1.3.3 No 1791 1762-1820 Yes (Zone B) Creamware Creamware 1.6.3 No 1791 1762-1820 Yes Ironstone Ironstone 1.7.2 No 1885 1840-1930 Yes Shell Edged Pearlware Pearlware 1.6.2 No 1850 1840-1860 Yes Shell Edged Pearlware (rim) Pearlware 2.2.2 No 1850 1840-1860 Yes Handpainted Polychrome Floral Pearlware 2.5.3 No 1845 1830-1860 Yes Pearlware Handpainted Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.2 No 1845 1830-1860 Yes Handpainted Polychrome Pearlware 2.2.1 No 1845 1830-1860 Yes Pearlware Red Sponged Pearlware Pearlware 2.6.3 No 1840 1820-1860 Yes Transfer Printed Pearlware Pearlware 2.5.Feat 4 No 1839.5 1832-1847 Yes Blue Pastoral Chinoisere Pearlware 1.5.Feat 4 No 1820 1800-1840 Yes Pearlware Shell Edged Pearlware Pearlware 1.1.2 No 1815 1800-1830 Yes Blue Floral Transferprint Pearlware 2.6.3 No 1813.5 1787-1840 Yes Pearlware Blue Annular Pearlware Pearlware 2.6.2 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Plain Pearlware Pearlware 2.6.2 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Annular Pearlware Rim Pearlware 2.5.3 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Annular Pearlware Rim Pearlware 2.5.3 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Plain Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.Feat 4 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Plain Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.Feat 4 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Plain Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.Feat 4 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Blue Shell Edged Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.Feat 4 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Blue Shell Edged Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.Feat 4 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Blue Shell Edged Pearlware Pearlware 2.6.3 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Blue Annular Pearlware Pearlware 2.6.3 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Plain Pearlware Pearlware 2.6.3 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Plain Pearlware Pearlware 1.6.2 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Blue Annular Pearlware Pearlware 2.6.4 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Pearlware foot (later) Pearlware 1.5.3 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Blue Underglaze Pearlware Pearlware 1.3.1 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes (Rim) Blue/Green Annular Pearlware Pearlware 1.1.1 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Blue Annurlar Pearlware Rim Pearlware 1.5.2 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes (darker) Blue Annular Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.2 No 1805 1790-1820 Yes (lighter) Pearlware Middle of Plate Pearlware 2.2.1 Maybe 1805 1780-1830 Yes Pearlware Pearlware 2.2.1 Maybe 1805 1780-1830 Yes Pearlware foot Pearlware 1.1.2 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Pearlware foot Pearlware 1.1.2 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Blue Annular Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.Wprof No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Blue Annular Pearlware Pearlware 2.5.SWProf No 1805 1790-1820 Yes Shell Edged Pearlware Pearlware 2.5.Nprof No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Pearlware Pearlware 2.5.3 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Pearlware Pearlware 2.5.3 No 1805 1780-1830 Yes Handpainted Blue Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.3 Yes No Burned Blue Pearlware Pearlware 1.5.3 Yes No Porcelain (Possibly Imitation) Porcelain 1.7.2 No No Salt Glazed Stoneware Stoneware 1.5.Feat 4 No 1860 1820-1900 Yes 129 Salt Glazed Stoneware (Brown Stoneware 1.5.4 No 1860 1820-1900 Yes SW Bottle) Salt Glazed Stoneware (Brown Stoneware 1.7.2 No 1860 1820-1900 Yes SW Bottle) Salt Glazed Stoneware (Brown Stoneware 2.6.1 No 1860 1820-1900 Yes SW Bottle) Salt Glazed Stoneware (Brown Stoneware 2.6.1 No 1860 1820-1900 Yes SW Bottle) Salt Glazed Stoneware (Brown Stoneware 2.6.2 No 1860 1820-1900 Yes SW Bottle) Salt Glazed Stoneware Stoneware 2.5.Feat 4 No 1840 1820-1860 Yes Burned Pearlware UIDRE 2.6.2 Yes No Burned Pearlware UIDRE 2.6.2 Yes No Burned Pearlware UIDRE 2.5.2 Yes No Burned Pearlware or Ironstone UIDRE 2.5.2 Yes No Burned Pearlware UIDRE 1.7.2 Yes No Burned Pearlware or Whiteware UIDRE 1.6.2 Yes No Large Rim with Triangles UIDRE 2.5.1.1 Yes No Burned Unidentified UIDRE 1.6.3 Yes No Burned Unidentified (Foot) UIDRE 2.5.1 Yes No Burned Pearlware UIDRE 1.7.2 Yes No Blue Edge Yellowware Yellowware 2.6.3 No 1865 1830-1900 Yes 130 APPENDIX C – AFRICAN AMERICAN CEMETERY LISTS Brown Cemetery (Dark Branch Community) (findagrave.com) Name Birth Date Death Date Barnes, Laretta M. May 30, 1952 December 14, 2005 Brewington, Alfred Henry February 10, 1948 December 9, 2017 Brewington, Arthur 1909 February 1941 Brewington, Burnett "Stump" July 16, 1933 January 3, 2000 Brewington, Clara McKoy August 30, 1914 August 15, 1992 Brewington, David 1893 December 10, 1966 Brewington, Ellen Lance August 10, 1896 November 1991 Brewington, Emma Roddy 1878 February 11, 1941 Brewington, George Ferrel February 20, 1941 March 23, 1942 Brewington, Isiah, Jr. January 10, 1940 December 5, 1981 Brewington, James 1924 April 25, 1925 Brewington, James September 4, 1921 November 5, 1997 Brewington, Jenkins March 10, 1890 January 1978 Brewington, John Henry 1873 December 3, 1965 Brewington, Kenkine? April 26, 1926 April 16, 1926 Brewington, Lena April 18, 1918 January 2, 1945 Brewington, Lucille December 1937 January 24, 1938 Brewington, Matilda November 15, 1889 January 8, 1921 Brewington, Miles March 21, 1892 November 20, 1980 Brewington, Nora January 25, 1915 July 25, 1983 Brewington, Robert Earl 1899 November 13, 1938 Brewington, Sarah July 30, 1910 September 30, 1980 Brewington, Sarah J. Walker September 15, 1932 Brewington, Theodore December 31 1934 August 24, 2001 Roosevelt Brown, Alexander 1938 2001 Brown, Evangeline March 12, 1912 February 21, 1991 Brown, Fannie Underwood March 10, 1842 October 6, 1926 Brown, Frank, Jr. October 20, 1850 April 30, 1916 Brown, Jacquelyn Marie June 25, 1945 February 24, 2014 Brown, Lawrence William November 11, 1931 May 26, 1998 Brown, Louisa August 11, 1867 December 30, 1924 Brown, Samuel, Sr. 1907 1988 Brown, Samuel, Jr. 1935 1998 Brown, James Walter July 31, 1933 April 11, 1996 Brown, William P. July 3, 1842 February 24, 1926 Brummel, Gilbert Alexander March 7, 1918 July 2, 2000 Clark, Jimmie June 14, 1939 February 13, 2006 Clark, Lee Andrew May 4, 1934 September 9, 2018 Clark, Marian December 27, 1930 August 30, 2018 Clark, Robert December 5, 1906 June 1, 1981 Clark, Rosa December 2, 1907 September 28, 1993 Collins, Julia February 9, 1923 September 15, 2006 Dailey, Mary Ellen October 13, 1934 June 29, 2007 Davis, Rev Jesse L. January 15, 1935 July 30, 2017 Davis, Minnie Brewington November 13, 1911 February 13, 1998 Davis, Patricia September 16, 2017 Davis, Richard H., Sr. December 17, 1908 November 8, 1994 Davis, Rosa Lee November 6, 1933 June 29, 2004 Delts, Christianna Jones June 16, 1893 November 24, 1995 Delts, Hazel Inez March 4, 1924 April 9, 2001 Delts, Richard Henry Delts May 9, 1945 February 13, 2001 Edge, Robert A. February 29, 1964 March 6, 2018 Ellis, Annie Mae McKoy August 10, 1911 September 5, 1993 Foy, William J. April 21, 1925 March 24, 2003 Frink, Richard 1940 January 4, 2019 Hall, Lareatha B. November 15, 1942 July 25, 2000 Hitch, Mary Eliza Davis May 30, 1900 July 5, 1962 Hooper, Elsie Brewington September 15, 1892 September 4, 1957 Jackson, Georgia "Hazel" Davis September 1, 1914 July 20, 2017 Jacobs, Alexander Edward, III June 16, 1975 March 21, 1998 Johnson, Betty W. March 18, 1935 February 6, 2009 Jones, Everlena Brewington September 14, 1911 January 21, 1999 Jones, Frank Clarence August 8, 1908 November 7, 2008 "Clarence" Jones, Gwendolyn M. September 13, 1941 December 13, 1997 Jones, Willie Arthur March 3, 1913 July 26, 1960 Kinsey, Pearl M. March 31, 1945 November 2, 1997 Lance, Queen Ann April 4, 1892 March 27, 1966 McKoy, Annie Bell May 8, 1920 December 7, 1980 McKoy, John Thomas, Jr. February 3, 1916 August 15, 1989 McKoy, Lucinda B. March 12, 1916 October 3, 2001 Merant, George, Sr. October 9, 1909 August 29, 1990 Merant, Pearl August 4, 1911 March 27, 1986 132 Moore, Daniel February 26, 1936 December 17, 2006 Moore, Maggie June 26, 1926 August 22, 1999 Moore, Mary Thelma Everette May 30, 1922 April 19, 1997 Moore, Rebecca 1901 1978 Morant, Pearl Lene Delts August 4, 1911 March 27, 1966 (Copy?) Murray, Abel 1933 1995 Nash, William Henry December 25, 1897 December 9, 1974 Page, Bryan H. July 2, 1953 November 29, 2007 Palmer, Lula M. December 16, 1924 July 12, 2004 Parker, Emma Lee May 25, 1916 January 20, 1969 Parker, Johnnie Latney November 27, 1930 March 23, 1981 Parker, Pernell D. December 1, 1938 February 23, 2010 Pearsall, Lucille M. May 1, 1915 December 26, 2008 Pellam, Bessie Brewington November 5, 1904 June 11, 2000 Price, Luretha Brown December 15, 1925 April 27, 1958 Robinson, Katherine Marant March 4, 1905 March 19, 2003 Russell, William Kenneth February 10, 1924 July 26, 1987 Smith 1960 1963 Smith, Archie February 28, 1925 March 7, 1974 Smith, Susanna Brewington August 10, 1918 December 14, 1975 Smith, William Wellington March 19, 1939 June 15, 1994 Spruill, Geraline V November 29, 1937 October 19, 2009 Taylor, John Allison, Jr. June 22, 1937 March 10, 1975 Taylor, Raymond October 13, 1938 October 24, 2008 Vaught, Betsy R. January 1, 1905 May 2, 1995 Vaught, Clayton Alfred June 25, 1938 January 25, 2007 Vaught, Dora Alvis August 6, 1915 December 4, 2006 Vaught, Eleanor January 8, 1936 February 8, 1982 Vaught, Ivernell B. June 14, 1943 December 6, 1981 Vaught, John May 1, 1933 February 4, 1991 Vaught, Lawrence, Jr. November 8, 1953 January 30, 2008 Vaught, LeRoy, Sr. December 24, 1913 May 9, 1987 Vaught, Mary 1942 2005 Vaught, Odessa McKoy February 10, 1928 August 16, 1993 White, Lorie Rose August 15, 2017 Unknown, Essie Mae 1927 1987 133 Orton African American Cemetery (from Trinkley and Hacker 2015:165) Name Birth Date Death Date Brewington, Harry December 31, 1936 January 5, 1937 Brown, Alexander Brown, Eliza January 26, 1863 May 13, 1957 Brown, Mary Ann Davis January 1818 September 16, 1918 William A. Brown February 29, 1872 September 16, 1950 Davis, Amy April 1842 January 26, 1892 Davis, Eli September 10, 1854 April 30, 1881 Delt, Carrie December 23, 1904 July 27, 1917 Delt, Henry ca. 1849 April 19, 1919 Delt, Sarah ca. 1863 March 6, 1918 Delts, Kaine June 29, 1933 February 28, 1934 Delts, Matthew ca. 1894 April 5, 1936 Dixon, Kate November 1, 1857 February 4, 1936 Ellis, Herman Franklin October 27, 1915 December 29, 1969 G[ ], B [ ] ca. 1810 September 20, 1883 Hollins, Annie October 15, 1865 October 30, 1918 Hooper, Schuyler ca. 1840 November 24, 1876 Hooper, Sarah ca. 1848 April 10, 1923 Howard, Eliza January 23, 1863 May 13, 1957 Larence, Mary August 11, 1882 May 11, 1917 Lawrence, Marion ca. 1897 July 16, 1917 Lawrence, Mary ca. 1879 May 11, 1917 McClammy, James Franklin October 19, 1918 January 30, 1919 McClammy, Lucy A. May 22, 1870 May 6, 1945 McClammy, Minnie L. December 15, 1903 January 30, 1910 McClammy, R.K., Jr. September 11, 1902 September 25, 1940 McClammy, Richard C. May 19, 1865 January 24, 1937 McClammy, Thomas Franklin ca. November 1918 January 30, 1919 McClammy, William A. May 4, 1891 November 11, 1934 McCoy, Betsy Ann November 20, 1867 October 8, 1883 McCoy, Jacob March 11, 1882 July 13, 1912 Mickins, Mary ca. 1876 March 16, 1899 Moore, Maggie Detls 1897 1977 Pearson, Hannah 1875 1958 Pearson, John E. June 15, 1864 December 18,1936 Pickett, Elijah July 11, 1886 August 12, 1889 134 Pickett, Friday March 22, 1859 July 30, 1819 (1919?) Pickett, Teana May 23, 1872 January 20, 1908 Smith, Mary Ellen McClammy July 10, 1908 July 26, 1937 Walker, Maggie September 16, 1956 Drew Cemetery* (Marsh Branch) (findagrave.com) Name Birth Date Dath Date Allison, Lucy Parker August 15, 1886 June 25, 1960 Allison, Otha September 15, 1895 November 16, 1960 Armstrong, James August 27, 1918 March 2, 1975 Armstrong, Rachel Gore December 10, 1892 July 7, 1956 Ballard, Deidre December 22, 1965 July 10, 2013 Barber, Fanny "Fannie" McCullough 1872 Beany Beatty, Jerry Mye May 15, 1926 Deceember 27, 1995 Beatty, Ruth April 10, 2010 Betts, Alfred March 31, 1887 April 23, 1945 Betts, Dora Lee Everett April 6, 1887 December 4, 1961 Bogie, Ella Denton Martin September 20, 1864 July 12, 1906 Brewington, Lillian 1911 1989 Brewington, Vincent Edward September 15, 1964 June 2, 1968 Brown, Alfred 1976 August 5, 2012 Brown, Anne E Davis September 10, 1885 January 5, 1942 Brown, Anne Jeannette Smtih January 20, 1942 December 5, 2010 Brown, Austin Edward December 2, 1914 July 14, 1967 Brown, Edward February 8, 1880 October 10, 1956 Brown, Howard June 12, 1939 Brown, Infant Boy (Twin) July 1 1948 July 1 1948 Brown, Infant Boy (Twin) July 1 1948 July 1 1948 Brown, Lucy Reson 1859 February 25, 1919 Brown, Lula Ann November 14, 1892 June 3, 1944 Brown, William Samuel March 31, 1921 Bryant, Chester Meyo August 24, 1899 Janurary 14, 1967 Bryant, Cleveland August 10, 1955 July 23, 2016 Burney, Maggie K 1916 1991 Canady, Elizabeth M. Hawes September 1850 August 1902 Clark, Cora Jane Jones September 15, 1896 May 24, 1973 Clark, Lawrence May 3, 1920 November 5, 1981 135 Clark, Pembroke June 15, 1897 Corbett, Theresa A. June 17, 1887 November 9, 1887 Cowan, Katie Griffin May 29, 1888 November 26, 1922 Davis, Ceallie Leak 1881 November 25, 1945 Davis, Charles Wayne August 31, 1957 November 29, 1993 Davis, Harris 1907 1967 Davis, Lola M. Grayer July 6, 1919 September 14, 1943 Davis, Rev. Richard H., Jr. August 20, 1930 June 21, 2012 Davis, Robert H., Jr. 1931 June 21 2012 Davis, Ruby P. May 13, 1932 September 10, 1993 Delts, Berry 1962 1983 Deshield, Daisy Lucille Stevenson April 29, 1911 June 13, 1956 Drew, Carolina Amanda McKeithan October 4, 1820 May 21, 1887 Drew, Christopher C. 1855 September 25, 1885 Drew, Rowena F. Galloway December 1859 August 14, 1878 Drew, William Henry November 5, 1816 July 20, 1900 Dunn, Essie B. Betts December 21, 1910 March 29, 1960 Edge, Helen M. December 17, 1944 April 16, 1997 Edge, Johnnie September 6, 1915 August 15, 1969 Edge, Mary Jane Green 1916 1985 Galloway, Annie Mae August 11, 1923 March 21, 2007 Galloway, Beatrice Parker October 27, 1901 December 13, 1988 Galloway, Corp David March 11, 1896 March 18, 1969 Galloway, Retha M. Parker July 7, 1935 Decemmber 11, 2016 Galloway, Rivers, Sr. 1929 1991 Gardner, Frank, Jr. November 9, 1939 September 2, 2017 Gardner, Lucille Parker June 16, 1929 October 16, 2012 Gore, Nancy September 16, 1844 February 4, 1918 Graham, Dora K. January 19, 1924 November 5, 1995 Green, Linda August 19, 1949 September 14, 2017 Green, Mary B. November 6, 1940 Green, William, Jr. December 12, 1914 May 22, 2006 Greene, Mable April 23, 1928 November 11, 2003 Greene, Martha September 18, 1930 January 17, 1999 Greene, Montez September 22, 1990 July 28, 2017 Griffen, Mary E. Reeves September 6, 1876 September 27, 1957 Hakeem, Nasim Elam October 20, 1973 April 27, 2014 Halbert, Alice J. November 3, 1915 October 20, 1998 Hall, Alice, "Allie" Reaves February 1, 1914 July 2, 2002 136 Hall, Catherine July 29, 1944 May 16, 1945 Hamby, Nancy Ann March 22, 1963 April 2, 1963 Hankins, Abrun 1852 October 28, 1927 Harker, Collins June 3, 1885 April 25, 1913 Harker, Ebbin E. October 1859 October 1, 1940 Harker, Isadora "Dora" Martin August 1852 February 26, 1926 Harper, William June 3, 1885 April 25, 1913 Herring, Mamie E. September 19, 1926 September 28, 1972 Hicks, Jimmy L. May 19, 1926 August 24, 2016 Hill, Archie 1907 April 9, 1947 Holmes, Ruth Brown April 15, 1920 May 8, 1969 Hyman, Mary R. October 1, 1900 April 7, 1992 Jinwright, Adeline B. Brown October 11, 1907 September 16, 1996 Jinwright, Allison R. February 15, 2011 Jinwright, Jeremiah "Jerry" 1907 Johnson, Etta G. September 15, 1909 May 13, 1983 Johnson, Vera Shipman 1959 April 14, 2006 Jones, Edward "Ned" February 15, 1880 April 1, 1955 Jones, Edward April 23, 1909 June 28, 1982 Jones, Evangline December 7, 1914 February 14, 1917 Jones, Leander May 29, 1916 March 31, 1993 Jones, Mary "Mamie" Barnard/Bernard November 1875 May 26, 1930 Jones, Millie McColey 1848 July 12, 1937 Jones, Upshaw Reaves August 10, 1925 April 30, 1927 Jones, William 1854 November 23, 1936 Jones, William Edward "Will" Jones, July 15, 1963 November 17, 2011 Jr. Joyner, Evelyn 1919 April 23, 2011 Joyner, William Henry Keel, Ida Pearson September 23, 1905 September 7, 1979 Kelley, Doris J. September 24, 1927 June 5, 2012 Kelly, Ann M. July 18, 1939 1978 Kelly, Cornelius April 4, 1932 February 16, 1991 Kelly, Jacob Edison "Jake," Sr. March 10, 1904 October 8, 1985 Kelly, Jake, Jr. April 14, 1933 July 14, 1995 Kelly, Kevin February 13, 1958 January 5, 1994 Kelly, Pearl V. 1906 December 6, 1988 King, Barbara "Comanche" Smith 1945 March 22, 2002 Leggett, James E. 1935 1973 137 Lucas, James C. October 30, 1899 January 27, 1959 Martin, Lydia Brooks August 1829 December 9, 1900 Matthews, Belton 1907 1994 McClain, Earnest, Jr. May 6, 1934 January 23, 2011 McClain, Mamie S. June 25, 1917 March 3, 2017 McClain, William "Tom" 1933 October 4, 2002 McCoy, Rosa Vanessa May 31, 1963 August 22, 2007 McMillan, Andrew 1889 October 27, 1939 McMillan, Andrew Wilson, Jr. July 5, 1919 September 18, 2009 McMillan, Bertha Greene January 2, 1911 February 14, 1986 McMillan, Fred 1912 July 5, 1940 McMillan, Harry Lee June 16, 1947 January 20, 1973 McMillan, Irma K. October 8, 1935 April 6, 1996 McMillian, John W. May 31, 1924 May 18, 1995 McMillan, Lillian January 28, 1923 December 21, 2016 McMillian, Lucy July 6, 1913 August 1, 1975 McMillian, Nora Merrick February 12, 1917 May 28, 1970 McMillan, Patricia Ann September 30, 1960 December 4, 1960 McMillan, Reginald Antoin "Reggie" July 28, 1983 December 6, 2011 McMillan, Rosabell Bell "Rosa" August 16, 1917 February 25, 2008 Reaves McMillan, William E September 30, 1926 October 21, 2011 McMilliam, George June 18, 1941 February 19, 2008 McMillian, Brian R. June 27, 1962 June 21, 2018 McMillian, George June 18, 1941 February 18, 2008 McMillian, John, Sr. February 26, 1921 May 29, 1992 McMillian, Warren Edward December 31, 1921 December 8, 1951 McMillon, James W May 6, 1890 February 5, 1961 McMillon, Lydia March 4, 1896 October 13, 1979 Meadows, Juno Miller, Elnora Parker February 9, 1946 March 9, 2014 Millinor, Charles Thomas 1848 October 25, 1924 Millinor, Sarah Linsey Arnold 1858 December 18, 1922 Millinor, William Winfield "Willie" June 16, 1890 August 22, 1926 Moore, Bernetta Ann February 28, 1955 February 27, 1992 Moore, Goldie 1916 May 11, 2013 Moore, Kate 1870 July 12, 1930 Moore, Lester, Jr. February 28, 1945 October 19, 1973 Moore, Mary E. 1933 2000 138 Moore, Millie Jane February 4, 1905 October 4, 1987 Moore, Rosa Lee Parker May 27, 1927 September 9, 2001 Moore, Warren Christhpor Lanier January 1, 1976 November 15, 1989 Parker, Annie Elizabeth Flowers November 1, 1929 March 30, 2002 Parker, Charity Christabell Reaves 1906 August 19, 1939 Parker, Pvt Herbert June 12, 1896 May 15, 1962 Parker, James October 17, 2009 Parker, John, Sr. 1907 1988 Parker, John, Jr. February 10, 2015 Parker, LeRoy "Bud" May 20, 1923 April 19, 1985 Parker, Malisha Parker July 8, 1898 January 11, 1967 Parker, Mary E. McMillan May 13, 1923 November 5, 1983 Parker, Mary Jane November 16, 1911 March 2, 1981 Parker, Oliver September 5, 1903 May 14, 1980 Parker, Violet Hill May 4, 1874 May 8, 1955 Parker, William L. 1927 December 23, 2006 Powell, Lula Mae July 9, 1919 October 16, 2007 Prince, Luretha February 19, 1930 May 23, 1987 Randall, Joseph 1788 December 9, 1810 Rasheed, Howard Sultan February 3, 1953 April 27, 2013 Reaves, Amelia Davis March 6, 1900 February 25, 1963 Reaves, Brunette, Jr. January 2, 1930 April 17, 1992 Reaves, Charity C. January 12, 1932 Reaves, Charlie November 11, 1880 November 4, 1904 Reaves, Christopher C. April 2, 1890 September 28, 1974 Reaves, Dunking January 6, 1874 October 15, 1922 Reaves, Fred September 10, 1887 May, 24, 1924 Reaves, Gertrude B. December 30, 1902 December 29, 1991 Reaves, Infant Female February 1, 1914 February 1, 1914 Reaves, James Daniel November 17, 1877 February 10, 1963 Reaves, James Woodrow September 28, 1916 January 2, 1917 Reaves, Joel Lide August 12, 1782 July 13, 1860 Reaves, Mamie J. July 29, 1880 December 4, 1912 Reaves, Paul October 15, 1878 November 25, 1924 Reaves, Sarah Galloway May 1790 October 18, 1874 Reaves, Pvt William Ellis October 4, 1912 April 20, 1961 Reaves, William J. April 13, 1930 Reynolds, Sterling Bund September 2, 1842 October 31, 1880 Roberts, Lillie Mae Brown July 27, 1916 September 16, 1965 139 Rutland, Dealia June 17, 1918 June 17, 1918 Shaw, Barbara Jane Shaw, José May 22, 2005 Shipman, Lillie G July 2, 1912 June 22, 2005 Smith, Amanda Estell Barber November 11, 1986 August 15, 1966 Smith, Amelia Josey Reaves May 18, 1915 December 12, 2011 Smith, Arthur August 1, 1905 December 19, 1923 Smith, Charles June 6, 1921 July 23, 1979 Smith, Daniel December 8, 1913 February 6, 1975 Smith, Hector November 26, 1925 Smith, James Fletcher Smith 1896 November 1944 Smith, John 1925 February 13, 2009 Smith, John Arthur 1925 2006 Smith, Junius Ernest December 17, 1891 June 5, 1973 Smith, Maggie McClain September 5, 1894 April 7, 1976 Smith, Mary C March 13, 1912 June 14, 1925 Smith, Mary Mamie 1894 January 8, 1990 Smith, Reginald Maurice 1957 1989 Smith, William Bernard November 23, 1932 December 9, 1991 Stevenson, Eddie December 25, 1902 July 12, 1972 Stevenson, Harris March 13, 1904 September 28, 1970 Stillman, Johan Elias Gainey Stillman October 10, 2013 October 10, 2013 Swinton, Randolph April 14, 1950 May 27, 1992 Thees, John Alexander 1857 March 1897 Townsend, George Vincent February 23, 1900 February 24, 1976 Townsend, Lucia Betts March 27, 1898 October 16, 1978 Vaught, Hezekiah September 1, 1931 September 18, 1961 Wade, Clara J. March 10, 1878 March 21, 1980 Watkins, Mary Lou "Bunkey" Brown January 9, 1947 September 30, 2018 Wearon, Frances 1850 January 13, 1930 White, Lois M December 31, 1924 February 24, 1999 Williams, Elenaor Reaves May 5, 1922 October 8, 1987 Williams, Rossevelt September 1, 1948 September 30, 2000 Williamson, Annie August 20, 1886 November 16, 1933 Wilson, Ethel Gail Graham January 8, 1957 March 7, 2017 Wilson, Lula R Reaves November 21, 1892 September 3, 1991 *This list reflects names in the modern New Drew Cemetery, which contains headstones from the original Drew Cemetery alongside modern (post-1950s) burials. 140 APPENDIX D – CENSUS LISTS The terms used in this section, particularly for racial categories, are taken directly from the census. In order to accurately represent the time period under study, these terms were transferred here rather than substituting more modern and considerate racial descriptions. The words here do not reflect the language of the author. Dark Branch Community Census Records (1880-1940) Associated Year Township Name Age Sex Race Relationship Occupation Industry Community to Head of Household Dark Branch 1880 Town Virgil Smith 37 Male Black Head Works Creek Turpentine Dark Branch 1880 Town Julia Smith 24 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Isidora Smith 2 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town William A Smith 1 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Priscilla Smith 70 Female Black Mother Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Sarah Pearce 9 Female Black Neice Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Franklin Brown 28 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Fannie Brown 24 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Annie Brown 5 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town James W Brown 3 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Capitola Brown 2 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town William H Brown 2 mo. Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Franklin Brown 65 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Jane Brown 60 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Caesar Gallway 30 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Hagar Gallway 22 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Ellen Brown 15 Female Black Neice Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Solomon King 13 Male Black Nephew Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1880 Town Simpronius Pearce 6 Male Black Nephew Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town DeRosset Pearce 4 Male Black Nephew Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Charles Allen 37 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Mary F Allen 36 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Thomas Allen 10 Male Black Son At Home Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Mary A Allen 8 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Mary Jane Allen 7 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Elizabeth A Allen 6 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Harriet A Allen 3 Female Black Daughter Creek 142 Dark Branch 1880 Town Edward Clark 55 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Catherine Clark 46 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Rachel Clark 13 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Mary J Clark 9 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Nicholas Clark 22 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1880 Town Jane Clark 18 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Andrew Murphy 30 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1880 Town Sarah Murphy 23 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Robert Clark 46 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1880 Town Hester Clark 24 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town Robert Clark Jr. 5 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Harriet Clark 2 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town William Brown 28 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Leah Brown 23 Female Black Wife Keeping Creek House Dark Branch 1880 Town John W Brown 6 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1880 Town Anna M Brown 3 Female Black Daughter Creek 143 Dark Branch 1880 Town William W Brown 1 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Jacob McKay 60 Male Black Head Farm Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Silla McKay 50 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Mary E McKay 30 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Clarisa McKay 20 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town William McKay 18 Male Black Son Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Ida McKay 16 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town John McKay 14 Male Black Son Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Benjamin McKay 12 Male Black Son Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Louisa G McKay 6 Female Black Granddaughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Florence McKay 4 Female Black Granddaughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Julia Walker 60 Female Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Hannah Walker 28 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Margaret Walker 21 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Betsy A Walker 17 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Eliza Walker 5 Female Black Daughter Creek 144 Dark Branch 1900 Town Mary M Walker 3 Female Black Granddaughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Dewey Walker 1 Male Black Grand Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Jackson Smith 57 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Eliza Smith 47 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town William Smith 8 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Bella Smith 6 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town William Edge 25 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Mary Edge 23 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Alia Edge 5 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Oscar Edge 3 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Archie Edge 1 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Isham Moore 40 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Jane Moore 30 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Lucy A Moore 10 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Cora Moore 7 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Archie Murray 40 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer 145 Dark Branch 1900 Town Malinda Murray 28 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Margaret Murray 10 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town John Murray 8 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Charles Allen 56 Male Black Head Farm Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Frances Allen 53 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Bessie Allen 20 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Harriet Allen 18 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Eddie W Allen 5 Male Black Grandson Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Margaret Allen 3 Female Black Granddaughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Julia Allen 1 Female Black Granddaughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Hagar Galloway 48 Female Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Augustus 19 Male Black Son Farm Creek Galloway Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Swift Galloway 15 Male Black Son Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Richard Galloway 12 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town William Galloway 10 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town George Freeman 61 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer 146 Dark Branch 1900 Town Elsie Freeman 35 Female Black Daughter Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Louis Bunting 42 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Frank Brown 55 Male Black Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town Fannie Brown 50 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town James Brown 24 Male Black Son Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1900 Town William Brown 53 Male Black Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Louisa Bryson 38 Female Black Servant Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Carrie Bryson 12 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Tilla Bryson 10 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1900 Town Queen A Bryson 8 Female Black Daughter Creek Possibly 1910 Town Venus Davis 65 Female Mulatto Head Farmer General Pleasant Creek Farm Oaks/Lilliput Possibly 1910 Town Kate Moore 34 Female Black Head Farm Working Pleasant Creek Laborer Out Oaks/Lilliput Possibly 1910 Town Lucinda Watters 50 Female Black Head Farm Working Pleasant Creek Laborer Out Oaks/Lilliput Possibly 1910 Town Jenkins Watters 19 Male Black Son Farm Working Pleasant Creek Laborer Out Oaks/Lilliput 147 Possibly 1910 Town Elsie Watters 17 Female Black Daughter none Pleasant Creek Oaks/Lilliput Possibly 1910 Town David Watters 12 Male Black Son none Pleasant Creek Oaks/Lilliput Possibly 1910 Town Benjamin Watters 10 Male Black Son none Pleasant Creek Oaks/Lilliput Dark Branch 1910 Town Ann Davis 58 Female Mulatto Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Henry O Davis 36 Male Mulatto Son Fisherman Drift Wt Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Walter Davis 16 Male Mulatto Son Farm Home Creek Laborer Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Jesse Davis 7 Male Mulatto Grandson none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Robert Davis 5 Male Mulatto Grandson none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Richard Davis 1 y Male Mulatto Grandson none Creek 5 mo. Dark Branch 1910 Town Miles Brewington 55 Male Mulatto Head Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Maria Brewington 51 Female Mulatto Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Maggie 22 Female Mulatto Daughter none Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1910 Town Miles Brewington 20 Male Mulatto Son Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Susan Brewington 18 Female Mulatto Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town John H Brewington 31 Male Mulatto Head Farm Working Creek Laborer Out 148 Dark Branch 1910 Town Anna Brewington 32 Female Mulatto Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Samuel 10 Male Mulatto Son none Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1910 Town William Edge 39 Male Black Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Mary Edge 35 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Belle Edge 17 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Anna Edge 15 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Oscar Edge 12 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Archie Edge 10 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Mazingo Edge 6 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Joseph Clark 25 Male Black Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Lucy A Clark 21 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Robert Clark 3 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Scipeo Clark 1 y. Male Black Son none Creek 11 mo. Dark Branch 1910 Town Margaret Walker 33 Female Black Head Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Mary Walker 14 Female Black Daughter Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Jessie Walker 11 Female Black Daughter none Creek 149 Dark Branch 1910 Town Rebecca Walker 9 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Lizzie Walker 7 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Katherine Walker 5 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town George Walker 2 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Betsy Ann Walker 25 Female Black Sister-in-Law Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Robert Clark 35 Male Black Head Day Laborer Odd Jobs Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Mary Clark 40 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Frederick Smith 28 Male Black Boarder Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Melvin Smith 70 Male Black Head Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Lena Smith 37 Female Black Wife Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Ellen Pearce 15 Female Black Step Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Harry Pearce 11 Male Black Step Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Isham Moore 47 Male Black Head Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Jane Moore 50 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Cora Miller 19 Female Black Step Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Kate Brown 28 Female Black Head Farm Working Creek Laborer Out 150 Dark Branch 1910 Town Lucille Brown 8 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Lucy Brown 6 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Mary Brown 4 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Ann Brown 65 Female Black Mother in Law none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town James Brown 38 Male Black Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Sarah Brown 40 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town William Brown 19 Male Black Son Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Sarah B Brown 17 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Jacob McKoy 70 Male Black Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Silla McKoy 55 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Clara McKoy 36 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town William McKoy 27 Male Black Son Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Duncan McKoy 22 Male Black Son Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Ida McKoy 20 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town George McKoy 18 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town John McKoy 16 Male Black Son none Creek 151 Dark Branch 1910 Town Florence McKoy 5 Female Mulatto Granddaughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Samuel McKoy 3 Male Mulatto Grand Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Margaret McKoy 1 y. Female Mulatto Granddaughter none Creek 6 mo. Dark Branch 1910 Town William P. Brown 60 Male Black Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Louisa Brown 45 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Matilda Brown 18 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Queen A Brown 16 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Luola M Brown 7 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Nathaniel Brown 5 Male Black Grand Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Henry Brown 3 Male Black Grand Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Rosabella Brown 2 Female Black Granddaughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Alexander Brown 2 mo. Male Black Grand Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Carrie Bryson 21 Female Mulatto Step Daughter Servant Private Creek Family Dark Branch 1910 Town Charles Allen 65 Male Black Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Frances Allen 62 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Betsy Allen 30 Female Black Daughter none Creek 152 Dark Branch 1910 Town Edward Allen 18 Male Black Son Farm Home Creek Laborer Farm Dark Branch 1910 Town Abraham Jones 42 Male Black Head Ferryman River Creek Ferry Dark Branch 1910 Town Ann Jones 40 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Ann Jones 11 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town William Jones 9 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Abraham Jones 7 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town James Jones 5 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Samuel Betts 42 Male Black Head Farm Working Creek Laborer Out Dark Branch 1910 Town Florence Betts 40 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Florence Betts 12 Female Black Daughter none Creek Dark Branch 1910 Town Frank Brown 55 Male Black Head Laborer Turpentine Creek Forest Dark Branch 1910 Town Fannie Brown 55 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Joseph Clark 38 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Lucy A Clark 30 Female Black Wife none Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Robert E Clark 13 Male Black Son none Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Sipeo Clark 11 Male Black Son Creek 153 Dark Branch 1920 Town Sarah J Clark 9 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Isham Moore 65 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Jane Moore 50 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town William Edge 49 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Mary Edge 43 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Maggie M Edge 16 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town William H Lofton 9 Male Black Nephew Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town John T Hoskins 8 Male Black Nephew Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Mag Walker 38 Female Black Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Mary Walker 21 Female Black Daughter Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Lizie Walker 16 Female Black Daughter Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town George Walker 9 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Vange L Walker 5 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Johnie Walker 4 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Elafander Walker 2 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town William P Brown 70 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Factory 154 Dark Branch 1920 Town Louise Brown 50 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Queen Ann Deltz 27 Female Black Daughter Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Pearl Deltz 8 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Rosevelt McKoy 10 Female Black Grandchild Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Nathanal McKoy 14 Male Black Grandchild Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Miles Brewington 28 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Jr. Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Matidia 28 Female Black Wife Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1920 Town Minnie L 9 Female Black Daughter Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1920 Town Norena 5 Female Black Daughter Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1920 Town Restia Brewington 3 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Joseph W 3 mo. Male Black Son Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1920 Town John McKoy 28 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Fannie McKoy 25 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Emma L McKoy 7 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Clarah E McKoy 5 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town John T McKoy 2 y. Male Black Son Creek 10 mo. 155 Dark Branch 1920 Town Jenkins 30 Male Black Head Fireman Fish Creek Brewington Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Annie Brewington 30 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Betsie Brewington 15 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town King Solomon 55 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Joseph Solomon 45 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Lewis Solomon 3 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town John H Brewington 47 Male Mulatto Head Oil Tender Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Emma Brewington 40 Female Mulatto Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Evelena 9 Female Black Daughter Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1920 Town Miles Brewington 80 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Creek Sr. Factory Dark Branch 1920 Town Mariah Brewington 65 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Julia Smith 5 Female Black Grandchild Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Abe Jones 45 Male Black Head Farmer General Creek Farm Dark Branch 1920 Town Anna Jones 40 Female Black Wife Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Thomas Jones 11 Male Black Son Creek Dark Branch 1920 Town Clarance Jones 8 Male Black Son Creek 156 Dark Branch 1920 Town Mary Jones 4 Female Black Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town James Brown 58 Male Negro Head Laborer Saw Mill Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Sarah Brown 50 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Eddie Brown 18 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Alice M Brown 15 Female Negro Adopted Creek Daughter Dark Branch 1930 Town Annie Jones 46 Female Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Thomas Jones 21 Male Negro Son Laborer Fertilizer Creek Plant Dark Branch 1930 Town Clarance Jones 19 Male Negro Son Laborer Fertilizer Creek Plant Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary Jones 15 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Martha Jones 15 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Maggie Walker 51 Female Negro Head Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town George Walker 21 Male Negro Son Laborer Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1930 Town Katherine Walker 19 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Evangeline Walker 16 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Lucy Lee Walker 14 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary Mills 35 Female Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek 157 Dark Branch 1930 Town William Edge 55 Male Negro Head Farmer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary Edge 52 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Maggie M Edge 25 Female Negro Daughter Cook Private Creek Family Dark Branch 1930 Town William H Edge 20 Male Negro Adopted Son Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Johnie Edge 14 Male Negro Grandson Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary Edge 8 Female Negro Granddaughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Willie E Edge 5 Male Negro Grandson Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Joe C Clark 44 Male Negro Head Laborer Saw mill Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Sarah Clark 19 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Hester Clark 5 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Dave Brewington 34 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Helen Brewington 32 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Ned Brewington 15 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Gus Brewington 13 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Lucinda 11 Female Negro Daughter Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1930 Town Lara Brewington 10 Female Negro Daughter Creek 158 Dark Branch 1930 Town James Brewington 8 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Ethel M 3 y. Female Negro Daughter Creek Brewington 1 mo. Dark Branch 1930 Town Queen Ann Brown 38 Female Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Pearl Brown 18 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Robert Clark 23 Male Negro Head Laborer Fish Creek Factory Dark Branch 1930 Town Rosa B Clark 22 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Lula M Clark 5 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Lee B Clark 1 y. Female Negro Daughter Creek 4 mo. Dark Branch 1930 Town Solomon King 62 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Josaphine King 50 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Louis King 14 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Jenkins 40 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1930 Town Annie Brewington 41 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Clarabell 7 Female Negro Granddaughter Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1930 Town Lucinda 63 Female Negro Mother Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1930 Town John H Brewington 50 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek 159 Dark Branch 1930 Town Emma Brewington 45 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Evalena 18 Female Negro Daughter Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1930 Town Miles M 38 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Brewington Jr. Dark Branch 1930 Town Norena 15 Female Negro Daughter Creek Brewington Dark Branch 1930 Town Retha Brewington 13 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Joseph Brewington 10 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Miles Brewington 80 Male Negro Father Retired Creek Sr. Dark Branch 1930 Town Louis Alridge 47 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town R Emma Alridge 49 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Roosevelt Alridge 12 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Duncan Mckoy 44 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Cora Mckoy 40 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Annie M Mckoy 19 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Alexander Mckoy 12 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary L Hooper 61 Female Negro Sister Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Ben Brown 33 Male Negro Head Laborer City Creek 160 Dark Branch 1930 Town Lizzie Brown 24 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Venis Davis 78 Female Negro Head Retired Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town John J Ramsaur 54 Male White Head Farmer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Sallie F Ramsaur 45 Female White Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Eva M Ramsaur 24 Female White Daughter Teacher High Creek School Dark Branch 1930 Town Joseph T Ramsaur 20 Male White Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Helen Ramsaur 19 Female White Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Fred E Lofton 35 Male Negro Head Farmer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Pearl Lofton 24 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Naomia Lofton 11 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Fredrick M Lofton 8 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Maudell Lofton 6 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Desmond White 33 Male Negro Head Labor Saw Mill Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Thomas White 80 Male Negro Father Retired Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Sarah White 10 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Erfell White 9 Female Negro Daughter Creek 161 Dark Branch 1930 Town Thomas White 6 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Herman White 4 y. Male Negro Son Creek 11 m. Dark Branch 1930 Town Emma White 3 y. Female Negro Daughter Creek 1 mo. Dark Branch 1930 Town James E White 30 Male Negro Head Bridge Draw Creek tender Bridge Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary White 25 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Eula M White 10 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town James O White 8 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Ernestine White 5 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary C White 3 y. Female Negro Daughter Creek 1 mo. Dark Branch 1930 Town Euelie White 2 y. Female Negro Daughter Creek 3 mo. Dark Branch 1930 Town Lathell White 3 mo. Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Sam Dudley 40 Male Negro Head Farmer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Georgia Dudley 38 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Cara L Dudley 19 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Edgar Dudley 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Gladys Dudley 10 Female Negro Daughter Creek 162 Dark Branch 1930 Town Sam Dudley Jr. 8 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Laurance Dudley 7 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Ellis L Dudley 4 y. Male Negro Son Creek 1 mo. Dark Branch 1930 Town Elnora Dudley 3 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Clara Adams 48 Female Negro Head Merchant Gen Store Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Nelson Adams 10 Male Negro Adopted Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Mary Blaney 39 Female Negro Hired Woman Cook Private Creek Family Dark Branch 1930 Town Gilbert H Holland 65 Male Negro Head Merchant Gen Store Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Minnie E Holland 48 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town George Holland 17 Male Negro Adopted Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Joseph Holland 13 Male Negro Adopted Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Carrie E Reaves 37 Female Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Willard Reaves 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Louise Reaves 16 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Edith Reaves 14 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Sam Vann 89 Male Negro Head Retired Creek 163 Dark Branch 1930 Town Eve Vann 80 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Aaron Moore 63 Male Negro Head Farmer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Lizzie Moore 50 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town James Haskin 40 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Idar A Haskin 38 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Henry M Haskin 9 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Charles H 40 Male Negro Brother-in-law Laborer Saw Mill Creek McMillan Dark Branch 1930 Town Anna Davis 77 Female Negro Head Farmer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Georgia Davis 15 Female Negro Granddaughter Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Fred Smith 40 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Susana Smith 35 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Samuel Smith 17 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Julietta Smith 14 Female Negro Daughter Laborer Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Cristabel Smith 12 Female Negro Daughter Laborer Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Isadora Smith 7 Female Negro Daughter Laborer Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Archie Smith 5 Male Negro Son Laborer Creek 164 Dark Branch 1930 Town Freddie Smith 1 Male Negro Son Laborer Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town John McKoy 42 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Fannie McKoy 38 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Emma L McKoy 17 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Clara McKoy 15 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town John McKoy 13 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Anna B McKoy 7 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Dillard McKoy 4 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Odell McKoy 2 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Willie J McKoy 1 mo. Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Stephen Price 24 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Martha Price 21 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Louisa Price 5 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Elizabeth Price 4 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town James A Price 10 mo. Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Estell Delts 20 Negro Hired Woman Cook Private Creek family 165 Dark Branch 1930 Town Mathew Delts 32 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Christaina Delts 30 Female Negro Wife Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Costelia Delts 10 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Abraham Delts 9 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Henry M Delts 8 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Hazel I Delts 6 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Katie L Delts 5 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Maggie M Delts 3 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1930 Town Cristabel Delts 8 mo. Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town William Berry 69 Male Negro Head Unable to Creek Work Dark Branch 1940 Town Clara Adams 66 Female Negro Head Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Nelson Adams 31 Male Negro Son Laborer Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Samuel Dudley 51 Male Negro Head Laborer Cacasote Creek Weer Dark Branch 1940 Town Georgia M Dudley 48 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Samuel Dudley 19 Male Negro Son School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Lawrence Dudley 18 Male Negro Son School Creek 166 Dark Branch 1940 Town Ellis Dudley 15 Male Negro Son School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Elnora Dudley 12 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Fred Lofton 46 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Pearle Lofton Jr. 36 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Fred Lofton 16 Male Negro Son School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Mardel Lofton 15 Female Negro Daughter School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Sarah Lofton 75 Female Negro Mother Unable to Creek Work Dark Branch 1940 Town James E White 40 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Mary White 36 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town James O White 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Ernistine White 15 Female Negro Daughter School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Mary C White 14 Female Negro Daughter School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Evelyn White 12 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Horace White 10 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Onslow White 8 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Lewis White 7 Male Negro Son Creek 167 Dark Branch 1940 Town Alonza White 6 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Thelma White 4 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town John I White 8 mo. Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Thomas White 16 Male Negro Nephew Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Herman White 13 Male Negro Nephew Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Jessie James Knox 37 Male White Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Eva Knox 33 Female White Wife School Public Creek Teacher Schools Dark Branch 1940 Town Emily Knox 6 Female White Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Joseph Ramsaur 30 Male White Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Annie Laurie 29 Female White Wife Home Creek Ramsaur Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Joan Ramsaur 3 Female White Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Laurence Galloway 27 Male White Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Helen Galloway 29 Female White Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Helen F Galloway 5 mo. Female White Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town John J Ramsaur 64 Male White Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Sally F Ramsaur 55 Female White Wife Home Creek Housework 168 Dark Branch 1940 Town LeRoy Vaught 26 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Dora Vaught 23 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Eleanor Vaught 4 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Pearleen Vaught 2 Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town James W Brown 66 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Sarah Brown 72 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Eddie Lance 28 Male Negro Grandson Unable to Creek Work Dark Branch 1940 Town William Brown 56 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Jessie Lee Brown 9 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Robert Hooper 65 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Elsie Hooper 51 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Sarah Clark 28 Female Negro Head Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Charles H Clark 7 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Theadore Clark 5 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town William Mc Clark 3 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Roy Sinclair Clark 2 Male Negro Son Creek 169 Dark Branch 1940 Town Rudolph Clark 5 mo. Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town William Edge 66 Male Negro Head Unable to Creek Work Dark Branch 1940 Town Maggie M 35 Female Negro Daughter Home Creek Swinson Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town William Swinson 14 Male Negro Grandson School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Peter Green 55 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Mary Green 50 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Samuel Brown 35 Male Negro Head Laborer Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Evangeline Brown 28 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Laurence W 8 Male Negro Son Elementary North Creek Brown school, 2nd Carolina grade Dark Branch 1940 Town Walter J Brown 6 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Samuel Brown Jr. 4 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Alexander Brown 2 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Clyde C Brown 5 mo. Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Queen Ann Delts 47 Female Negro Head Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Pearl Morant 28 Female Negro Daughter Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town George Morant 30 Male Negro Son-in-law Gardener Creek 170 Dark Branch 1940 Town Evangeline Morant 9 mo. Female Negro Daughter Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Harry Lance 45 Male Negro Cousin Stevedore Shipping Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Lizzie Moore 37 Female Negro Head Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1940 Town Jaunita Moore 16 Female Negro Daughter School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Dan Moore 4 Male Negro Son Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Louise Nixon 25 Female Negro Niece Farm Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1940 Town Mathew Williams 49 Male Negro Head Farm Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1940 Town Geneva Williams 39 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Anne Williams 19 Female Negro Daughter School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Joseph Williams 16 Male Negro Son School Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Thomas B Bryant 61 Male Negro Head Unable to Creek Work Dark Branch 1940 Town Mabel L Bryant 51 Female Negro Wife Farm Farm Creek Laborer Dark Branch 1940 Town Robert R Bryant 71 Male Negro Head Unable to Creek Work Dark Branch 1940 Town Chestley Bryant 44 Male Negro Head Farmer Creek Dark Branch 1940 Town Jessie Bryant 40 Female Negro Wife Home Creek Housework Dark Branch 1940 Town Marion Bryant 23 Female Negro Daughter Home Creek Housework 171 Dark Branch 1940 Town Anna Bell Bryant 18 Female Negro Daughter Home Creek Housework Orton Community Census Records (1870-1940) Associated Year Township Name Age Sex Race Relationship Occupation Industry Community to head of household Lilliput 1870 Smithville Frank Brown 50 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Jane Brown 50 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Frances Brown 25 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Patrick Brown 20 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Franklin Brown 18 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Julia Brown 14 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson 172 Lilliput 1870 Smithville Hagar Brown 12 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Richard Pearce 50 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Lucy Pearce 30 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Edward Brown 11 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Jane Brown 8 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Ellen Brown 6 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Elvis Pearce 16 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Harriett Pearce 6 mo. Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson 173 Lilliput 1870 Smithville Sallie Hill 50 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Solomon Walker 45 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Julia Walker 25 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Perine Walker 4 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Solomon Walker 11 mo. Male at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville John Green 60 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Bettie Green 38 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Sarah Brown 23 Female House Creek to Servant? Fort Anderson 174 Lilliput 1870 Smithville Armond Green 22 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville William Davis 30 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Amoy [Amy] 26 Female Keeping Creek to Davis House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Ellie [Eli] Davis 6 Male at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Mary Mills 52 Female House Creek to Keeping Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Jeffery Crance 55 Male Farmer Creek to [Lawrence] Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Cheson Crance 48 Male Farmer Creek to [Lawrence] Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Elize Crance 25 Female Keeping Creek to [Lawrence] House Fort Anderson 175 Lilliput 1870 Smithville Charles Cheson 16 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Caroline Beady 30 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Beriah Reedy 45 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Titus Merrick 40 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Clarrah Merrick 34 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Hissie Merrick 6 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Rolly Merrick 3 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Van Merrick 2 Male at home Creek to Fort Anderson 176 Lilliput 1870 Smithville Robert Smith 25 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Annie Smith 45 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Alexander Brown 35 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Mary Brown 40 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Eliza Brown 3 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Kettie Brown 13 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville William Brown 1 Male at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Caroline Smith 18 Female House Creek to Keeping Fort Anderson 177 Lilliput 1870 Smithville Fred Mills 25 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Sophy Mills 37 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Judy Saike 30 Female House Creek to Keeping Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Josh Monett 37 Male Farm Laborer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Julia Monett 24 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Sam Monett 4 Male at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville William Monett 11 mo. Male at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Romey Tucker 40 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson 178 Lilliput 1870 Smithville Easter Tucker 28 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Robert Hooper 40 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Hester Hooper 60 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville William Hooper 4 Male at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Mary Hooper 3 Female at home Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Thomas Clark 18 Male Farmer Creek to Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Eliza Clark 21 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Lilliput 1870 Smithville Jane Homes 40 Female Keeping Creek to House Fort Anderson Orton 1880 Smithville Robert Smith 45 Male Black head Farm Hand 179 Orton 1880 Smithville Eliza Smith 47 Female Black wife Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Henry Delts 35 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Charles Green 30 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville John Spelman 32 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Wellington Murry 31 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Louis Warwood 29 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Louis Southerland 28 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Preston Huers 27 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Friday Pickett 21 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Island Pickett 18 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Henry Farrip 17 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Alfred Green 23 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Joe Clark 27 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Dennis Dew 29 Male Mulatto Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Harmon James 42 Male Mulatto Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville James Mathews 31 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Louis Koonce 37 Male Mulatto Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Benjamin 50 Male Black Farm Hand Galloway Orton 1880 Smithville Thomas Hill 41 Male Mulatto Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Daniel Chancey 37 Male Mulatto Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Joe Jenkins 36 Male Mulatto Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Handy Henderson 24 Male Mulatto Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Green Lanier 30 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Eli Sigh 19 Male Black Farm Hand Orton 1880 Smithville Ezikeal Hooper 34 Male Black Work at Rice Plantation Orton 1880 Smithville Caswell Street 27 Male Black Work at Rice Plantation 180 Orton 1880 Smithville Daniel Dixon 28 Male Mulatto Work at Rice Plantation Orton 1880 Smithville Solomon Walker 39 Male Mulatto head Laborer Orton 1880 Smithville Julia Walker 38 Female Black wife Keeps House Orton 1880 Smithville Hannah Walker 19 Female Black daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Maggie Walker 17 Female Mulatto daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Solomon Walker 15 Male Mulatto son at home Orton 1880 Smithville Eliza Walker 12 Female Black daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Fanny Walker 16 Female Mulatto daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Mary A Brown 47 Female Black head Washer Woman Orton 1880 Smithville Katie Brown 22 Female Black daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Eliza Brown 20 Female Black daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville William Brown 18 Male Black son Works on Farm Orton 1880 Smithville Lucy A Brown 14 Female Black daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Hannah Brown 13 Female Black daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Mary Ann Brown 10 Female Mulatto daughter at home Orton 1880 Smithville Bob Leeks 40 Male Black head Farmer Orton 1900 Smithville Henry Delts 50 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Sarah Delts 38 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Maggie H Delts 11 Female Black daughter Attended School Orton 1900 Smithville William C Delts 9 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville John Delts 7 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Mathew Delts 5 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Charley Delts 1 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville William Reaves 48 Male Black head Farmer Orton 1900 Smithville Charity Reaves 35 Female Black wife 181 Orton 1900 Smithville Frederick Reaves 36 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Christian Reaves 12 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Secoble[?] Reaves 10 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Maggie Reaves 8 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Cathalene Reaves 5 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville John Bryant 39 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Emmoline Bryant 35 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Annabell Bryant 16 Female Black daughter Attended School Orton 1900 Smithville Sarah Jane Bryant 14 Female Black daughter Attended School Orton 1900 Smithville Arthur Bryant 11 Male Black son Attended School Orton 1900 Smithville Jaramin Bryant 9 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Carrie Bryant 7 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Mary E Bryant 5 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Joseph Bryant 5 mo. Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Island Pickett 38 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Maggie Pickett 37 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Willie Pickett 18 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Ida Pickett 16 Female Black daughter Attended School Orton 1900 Smithville Dolly A Pickett 13 Female Black daughter Attended School Orton 1900 Smithville James T Pickett 11 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Abraham Pickett 9 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Callond [Colonel] 7 Male Black son Pickett Orton 1900 Smithville Lutenta Pickett 5 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Enouch Pickett 2 Male Black son 182 Orton 1900 Smithville Joseph Lawrance 26 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Mary Lawrance 22 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Katie Lawrance 2 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Friday Pickett 41 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Peggie Pickett 34 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Dorra Pickett 10 Female Black daughter Attended School Orton 1900 Smithville Sep Clark 60 Male Black head Teamster Orton 1900 Smithville Nancy Clark 53 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Ben McCray 28 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Elizabeth McCray 28 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Herbert McCray 18 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville William Everett 37 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Frederick Everett 3 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville McKinday Everett 3 mo. Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville James Jenkins 16 Male Black lodger Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Mac McCary 51 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Eliza McCary 35 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Eliza McCary 6 Female Black granddaughter Orton 1900 Smithville S[?] Underwood 41 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Nancy Underwood 39 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Fredrick 13 Male Black son Underwood Orton 1900 Smithville Georganna 9 Female Black daughter Underwood Orton 1900 Smithville James L 5 Male Black son Underwood Orton 1900 Smithville Addie S 2 Female Black daughter Underwood 183 Orton 1900 Smithville Mary S 4 mo. Female Black daughter Underwood Orton 1900 Smithville Peter Lawrance 65 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Dianna Lawrance 46 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Mary J Lawrance 18 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Oscar Lawrance 15 Male Black son Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Hattie Lawrance 14 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Alice Lawrance 11 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Jennie Lawrance 10 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Edward Lawrance 8 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Isadora Lawrance 6 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Addie Lawrance 4 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Marian Lawrance 2 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Andrew Rutland 39 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Hulda Rutland 27 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Fredrick Rutland 7 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Elizabeth Rutland 4 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Martha A Rutland 1 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Wesley Corbett 35 Male White head Farm Overseer Orton 1900 Smithville William Brown 31 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Josephine Brown 26 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville James Brown 8 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville George A Brown 7 Male Black son Orton 1900 Smithville Isabella Brown 1 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville Katie Dixon 32 Female Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Elizabeth Dixon 16 Female Black daughter Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Mary Brown 70 Female Black head Orton 1900 Smithville William Beck 30 Male Black boarder Farm Laborer 184 Orton 1900 Smithville Cinty Beck 23 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Lucy Beck 3 Female Black daughter Orton 1900 Smithville John E Pearson 32 Male Black head Farm Laborer Orton 1900 Smithville Hannah Pearson 26 Female Black wife Orton 1900 Smithville Ida Pearson 9 Female Black daughter Orton 1910 Smithville Henry Delts 62 Male Black head Laborer Farm Orton 1910 Smithville Sarah Delts 45 Female Black wife none none Orton 1910 Smithville John Delts 16 Male Black son none Orton 1910 Smithville Mathew Delts 13 Male Black son none Orton 1910 Smithville Charley Delts 11 Male Black son none Orton 1910 Smithville Carrie Delts 6 Female Black daughter Orton 1910 Smithville Maggie Delts 4 Female Black daughter Orton 1910 Smithville Jeffery Lawrance 97 Male Black head none Orton 1910 Smithville Daniel Bennett 71 Male Black head Laborer working Orton 1910 Smithville Marthia Bennett 65 Female Black wife none Orton 1910 Smithville Rosco Swain 24 Male Mulatto son-in-law Laborer farm Orton 1910 Smithville Ida Swain 23 Female Black daughter none Orton 1910 Smithville Andrew Holland 40 Male Black head Laborer Farm Orton 1910 Smithville Anna Holland 39 Female Black wife none Orton 1910 Smithville William Loftin 21 Male Black head Laborer Farm Orton 1910 Smithville Jinnie Loftin 20 Female Black wife none Orton 1910 Smithville Robert Smith 65 Male Black head Laborer Farm Garden Orton 1910 Smithville Janice Brown 23 Female Black head Laborer Farm Garden Orton 1910 Smithville Mary Brown 8 Female Black daughter Orton 1910 Smithville Lainie[?] Bell 4 Female Black daughter Brown 185 Orton 1910 Smithville Richard 41 Male Mulatto head Farmer Farm McClammy Orton 1910 Smithville Louciel 40 Female Mulatto wife Servant Private McClammy Family Orton 1910 Smithville William 19 Male Mulatto son Laborer Fish McClammy Factory Orton 1910 Smithville Leah McClammy 10 Female Mulatto daughter none Orton 1910 Smithville Richard 7 Male Mulatto son McClammy Orton 1910 Smithville Mary McClammy 5 Female Mulatto daughter Orton 1910 Smithville Catherine 3 Female Mulatto daughter McClammy Orton 1910 Smithville John E Pearson 43 Male Black head Laborer Cotton Compress Orton 1910 Smithville Hannah Pearson 34 Female Black wife none Orton 1910 Smithville Ida Pearson 19 Female Black daughter Waitress Private Family Orton 1910 Smithville John Murry 22 Male Black head Laborer Rice Field Orton 1910 Smithville Ida Murry 20 Female Mulatto wife none Orton 1910 Smithville Flossie Murry 10 Female Mulatto daughter months Orton 1910 Smithville Archie Murry 50 Male Mulatto head Laborer Rice Field Orton 1910 Smithville Jane Murry 35 Female Mulatto wife none Orton 1910 Smithville Anna Murry 3 Female Mulatto daughter Orton 1910 Smithville Boss [Bass] 23 Male White head Distiller Turpentine Leonard Orton 1910 Smithville Wincie Leonard 19 Female White wife none Orton 1910 Smithville LeRoy Willaims 23 Male White boarder Laborer Turpentine Farm Orton 1910 Smithville Hanson Leonard 21 Male White brother Laborer Turpentine Farm 186 Orton 1910 Smithville Bether Coalmon 24 Male White boarder Laborer Turpentine Still Possibly 1910 Smithville Alexander Bryant 45 Male Black head Laborer Rice Farm Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Lucy Bryant 40 Female Black wife none Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Hester Bryant 12 Female Black daughter none Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville James Bryant 9 Male Black son Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Esebella Bryant 5 Female Black daughter Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Estella Bryant 11 Female Black daughter Kendal months Possibly 1910 Smithville Thomas Allen 36 Male Black head Farmer Rice Farm Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Hammitt Allen 32 Female Black wife none Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Elizabeth Allen 10 Female Black daughter none Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Samuel Caison 48 Male White head Cooper Bblo Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Alice Caison 30 Female White wife none Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Erastus Caison 10 Male White son none Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Daniel Caison 6 Male White son Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville John Caison 21 Male White son Laborer Turpentine Kendal Farm Possibly 1910 Smithville Warren Caison 18 Male White son Laborer Turpentine Kendal Farm 187 Possibly 1910 Smithville Sarah Walker 30 Female Black head Washer At Home Kendal Woman Possibly 1910 Smithville Lizie Walker 8 Female Black daughter Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Bessie Walker 5 Female Black daughter Kendal Possibly 1910 Smithville Etta Walker 3 Female Black daughter Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville J Vaught 70 Male Black Head W Worker Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville E Vaught 65 Female Black Wife Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville L Vaught 30 Female Black Daughter Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville L R Vaught 6 Male Black Son Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville T Jones 26 Male Black Head Ferry Tender Brunswick Kendal Ferry Possibly 1920 Smithville C L Jones 21 Female Black Wife Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville L A Jones 3 Male Black Son Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville D Everett 43 Female Black Head Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville J Everett 17 Male Black Son Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville K Moore 42 Female Black Head Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville F Moore 23 Female Black Daughter Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville L Warters 52 Female Black Head Kendal 188 Possibly 1920 Smithville B W Warters 20 Male Black Son Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville T Morgan 25 Male Black Head Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville C Dolce 42 Male Black Head Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville J E Dolce 12 Male Black Son Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville A Lourder 30 Male Black Head Kendal Possibly 1920 Smithville E Lourder 32 Female Black Wife Kendal Orton 1920 Smithville K Dickson 50 Female Black Head Orton 1920 Smithville J E Pearson 40 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Orton 1920 Smithville H Pearson 46 Female Black Wife Orton 1920 Smithville J A Pearson 7 Male Black Son Orton 1920 Smithville H E Pearson 4 Male Black Son Orton 1920 Smithville R McClammy 54 Male Black Head Watchman Orton 1920 Smithville L McClammy 49 Female Black Wife Orton 1920 Smithville Catherine 16 Female Black Head McClammy Orton 1920 Smithville C McClammy 11 Female Black Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville L A McClammy 8 Female Black Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville H Rutland 58 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Orton 1920 Smithville T Allen 50 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Orton 1920 Smithville H Allen 35 Female Black Wife Orton 1920 Smithville C Allen 10 Male Black Son 189 Orton 1920 Smithville E Bryant 20 Male Black Step Son Laborer Fish Factory Orton 1920 Smithville A Bryant 15 Female Black Step Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville E E Bryant 14 Female Black Step Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville E S Bryant 12 Female Black Step Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville L Bryant 9 Female Black Step Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville J Sarah [Sarah 39 Female Black Head Washerwoman Family Walker] Orton 1920 Smithville L Sarah [Walker] 18 Female Black Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville B Sarah [Walker] 14 Female Black Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville E M Sarah 13 Female Black Daughter [Walker] Orton 1920 Smithville R Sarah [Walker] 10 Female Black Daughter Orton 1920 Smithville M J Sarah 8 Female Black Daughter [Walker] Orton 1920 Smithville J Sarah [Walker] 6 Male Black Son Orton 1920 Smithville J N Sarah 4 Male Black Son [Walker] Possibly 1930 Smithville Thomas Allen 53 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Kendal Possibly 1930 Smithville Harriett Allen 40 Female Negro Wife Kendal Possibly 1930 Smithville Sippie Allen 20 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Kendal Possibly 1930 Smithville Hester Allen 6 Female Negro Niece Kendal Possibly 1930 Smithville Sarah Clark 20 Female Negro Niece Kendal Orton 1930 Smithville John E Batchelor 47 Male White Head Superintendent Orton Plantation Orton 1930 Smithville Eva M Batchelor 35 Female White Wife 190 Orton 1930 Smithville Colon J Batchelor 50 Male White Brother Orton 1930 Smithville Kate Dickson 76 Female Negro Head Orton 1930 Smithville John E Pearson 64 Male Negro Head Foreman Orton Plantation Orton 1930 Smithville Hannah Pearson 50 Female Negro Wife Orton 1930 Smithville John E Ellias 16 Male Negro Grandson Orton 1930 Smithville Hermon Ellias 14 Male Negro Grandson Orton 1930 Smithville Charles Delts 30 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Orton 1930 Smithville Estelle Delts 22 Female Negro Wife Orton 1930 Smithville Sarah J Walker 45 Female Negro Head Laborer Farm Orton 1930 Smithville Sarah J Walker Jr. 19 Female Negro Daughter Maid Private Family Orton 1930 Smithville Isaiah Walker 17 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Orton 1930 Smithville John W Walker 13 Male Negro Son Orton 1930 Smithville Arthur Walker 12 Male Negro Son Orton 1930 Smithville Walter Walker 9 Male Negro Son Kendall 1940 Smithville Joseph Vaught 57 Male Negro Head Laborer Kendall 1940 Smithville Jessie Ann Vaught 35 Female Negro Wife Kendall 1940 Smithville Clara Bell Vaught 16 Female Negro Daughter Kendall 1940 Smithville Annie R Vaught 9 Female Negro Daughter Kendall 1940 Smithville Eugene Vaught 6 Male Negro Son Kendall 1940 Smithville Joseph Vaught 4 Male Negro Son Kendall 1940 Smithville Lottie May 3 Female Negro Daughter Vaught Kendall 1940 Smithville Clayton A Vaught 1 Male Negro Son Kendall 1940 Smithville Lewis Aldridge 60 Male Negro Head Laborer Kendall 1940 Smithville Emma Aldridge 51 Female Negro Wife Kendall 1940 Smithville Lillian Aldridge 5 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Alex Bogie 30 Male White Head Asst Manager 191 Orton 1940 Smithville Jonie Bogie 23 Female White Wife Orton 1940 Smithville Dares Bogie 5 Female White Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Herman Elliss 23 Male Negro Head Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Ella Pearson 60 Female Negro Grandmother Orton 1940 Smithville Christana Delts 44 Female Negro Head Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Castelia Delts 20 Female Negro Daughter Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Abraham Delts 19 Male Negro Son Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Henry Delts 17 Male Negro Son Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Hazel I Delts 16 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Katie L Delts 15 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Margaret Delts 13 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Christa Bell Delts 9 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Catherine Delts 8 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Pearl Delts 6 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Harlee Delts 5 Male Negro Son Orton 1940 Smithville Mary Delts 3 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Irene Delts 2 Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Marie Ines Delts 7 mo. Female Negro Daughter Orton 1940 Smithville Duncan McCoy 53 Male Negro Head Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Cora Lee McCoy 49 Female Negro Wife Orton 1940 Smithville Annie McCoy 28 Female Negro Daughter Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Lossie Murray 29 Female Negro Niece Laborer Orton 1940 Smithville Vernice Murray 9 Female Negro Niece Orton 1940 Smithville Chancy L Murray 4 Male Negro Nephew Orton 1940 Smithville LeRoy C Murray 1 Male Negro Nephew Orton 1940 Smithville Dillard McCoy 14 Male Negro Nephew Orton 1940 Smithville Mary L Brown 9 Female Negro Lodger Orton 1940 Smithville B L Brewington 6 Male Negro Nephew 192 Marsh Branch Community Census Records (1880-1940) Associated Year Township Name Age Sex Race Relationship Occupation Industry Community to Head of Household Marsh 1880 Smithville Preston Green 30 Male Mulatto Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Mariah Green 28 Female Black Wife Keeps House Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Charles Green 6 Male Black Son At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville George Green 3 Male Black Son At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Willie Green 2 Male Black Son At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Abram Blunt 30 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Mariah Blunt 30 Female Black Wife Keeps House Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Alice Drew 11 Female Black Stepdaughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Isaac Kiser 60 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Rose Kiser 45 Female Black Wife At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Jack Neat 45 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Hillis Neat 40 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Irene Neat 10 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Hatty Neat 6 Female Black Daughter Branch 193 Marsh 1880 Smithville Eugene Neat 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Moses Neat 3 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Census Neat 1 Female Black Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1880 Smithville Frederick 62 Male White Head Farmer Branch Reynolds Marsh 1880 Smithville Prudence 55 Female White Wife Branch Reynolds Marsh 1880 Smithville John Reynolds 12 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville John Brown 50 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Flora Brown 35 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Frank Brown 19 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Sally A. Brown 18 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville John Brown Jr. 12 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Mathew Brown 10 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Jim Brown 1 Male Black Grandson Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Joe Hill 55 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Julia Hill 50 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Abram Hill 28 Male Black Son Farmer Branch 194 Marsh 1880 Smithville Mariah Hill 16 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville John Hill 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Violett Hill 10 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Loanna Hill 7 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Henry Hill 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Benjamin Reeves 70 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Ned Johnston 55 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Ellen Johnston 55 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Charity Johnston 20 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Ben Johnston 8 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville George Johnston 2 Male Black Grandson Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Robert Betts 50 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Susan Betts 35 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville William Betts 10 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Matilda Betts 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Julia Betts 4 Female Black Daughter Branch 195 Marsh 1880 Smithville Samuel Betts 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville John Green 60 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Lucy Green 60 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Levi Green 20 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville William Davis 35 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Sally Davis 30 Female Black Wife Housekeeper Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Levi Davis 18 Male Black Son Works In Farm Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Bill Davis 7 Male Black Son At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Della Davis 4 Female Black Daughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Titus Amerca 55 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Clara Amerca 50 Female Black Wife Keeps House Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Hessey Amerca 12 Female Black Daughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville William Amerca 10 Male Black Son At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Lotty Amerca 4 Female Black Daughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Frank Miller 30 Male White Head Fisherman Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Dolly Miller 26 Female White Wife Keeps House Branch 196 Marsh 1880 Smithville Milly Miller 8 Female White Daughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Hatty Miller 6 Female White Daughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Celia Miller 3 Female White Daughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Enoch Reynolds 36 Male White Head Waterman Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Mary Reynolds 26 Female White Wife Keeps House Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville Coleman 5 Male White Son At Home Branch Reynolds Marsh 1880 Smithville Dorah Reynolds 2 Female White Daughter At Home Branch Marsh 1880 Smithville George Reynolds 16 Male White Nephew At Home Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville William Brown 52 Male Black Head Fisherman Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Lucy H Brown 41 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville James Brown 23 Male Black Son Fisherman Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Edward Brown 20 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville William H Brown 17 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Maggie K Brown 14 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville John T Brown 11 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Sicilia A Brown 7 Female Black Daughter Branch 197 Marsh 1900 Smithville Emma F Brown 2 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Ben Johnston 28 Male Black Head Day Laborer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Hattie Johnston 26 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Ellen Johnston 50 Female Black Mother Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Nancy Gore 50 Female Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Lucy Gore 18 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville John W Gore 14 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Francis Gore 10 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Mary E Gore 9 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Rachel A Gore 7 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville James W Gore 5 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Liddie R Gore 4 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Nellie Gore 11 White Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1900 Smithville Julia Hill 58 Female Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville John Hill 23 Male Black Son Farm Laborer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Swasia Hill 25 Female Black Daughter Branch 198 Marsh 1900 Smithville Mammie Reeves 19 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Kelly Reeves 30 Male Black Son in Law Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Mary E Murry 8 Female Black Daughter in Branch Law Marsh 1900 Smithville Marrian Murry 3 Female Black Daughter in Branch Law Marsh 1900 Smithville Enouch Griffin 33 Male Black Head Fisherman Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Mary Griffin 28 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Katie Griffin 11 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Maggie Griffin 5 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Mary E Griffin 2 Female Black Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1900 Smithville Hampton Warrey 53 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Francis Warrey 48 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Charley Warrey 25 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Wiley Warrey 23 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Mary Ann Warrey 18 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville John Warrey 15 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Sarah Warrey 12 Female Black Daughter Branch 199 Marsh 1900 Smithville Maggie Warrey 10 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Ellen Warrey 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Maggie L Warrey 2 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Sam H Davis 27 Male Black Head Fisherman Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Cilly Davis 19 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Arman Green 53 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Sarah Hooper 55 Female Black Sister Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville John Stevenson 27 Male Black Lodger Fisherman Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Mary E Stevenson 19 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Daisy L 1 Female Black Daughter Branch Stevenson Marsh 1900 Smithville William Betts 30 Male Black Lodger Laborer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Cynthia Betts 20 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Lucy Ann Betts 2 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Titus Merrick 84 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Clarra H Merrick 59 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Dollie A Merrick 27 Female Black Daughter Branch 200 Marsh 1900 Smithville Quoin Ann 14 Female Black Daughter Branch Merrick Marsh 1900 Smithville Frank Merrick 10 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Mary Eetta 4 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Merrick Marsh 1900 Smithville Baby Merrick 3 Female Black Granddaughter Branch mo. Marsh 1900 Smithville James Bogie 29 Male White Head Fisherman Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Ella Bogie 27 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Harret Miderus 13 Female White Step Daughter Branch Marsh 1900 Smithville Thomas Miderus 10 Male White Step Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James McMillin 67 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ninna McMillin 45 Female Black Wife Washerwoman At home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary E McMillin 27 Female Black Daughter Washerwoman At home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James S McMillin 23 Male Black Son Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Andrew McMillin 19 Male Black Son Farm Laborer At home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Robert McMillin 18 Male Black Son Farm Laborer At home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ella McMillin 15 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Hannah McMillin 3 Female Black Granddaughter Branch 201 Marsh 1910 Smithville Holland Rutland 58 Male Black Head Laborer Turpentine Branch Farm Marsh 1910 Smithville Lucy Rutland 40 Female Black Wife Farmer At home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William Rutland 13 Male Black Son-in-law Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Joseph Rutland 7 Male Black Son-in-law Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Fred Jones 72 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Jones 70 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ned Jones 31 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Jones 31 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William Jones 28 Male Black Brother Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Thomas Jones 17 Male Black Brother Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Cora Jones 11 Female Black Sister Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Millie Jones 59 Female Black Mother Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Charles H 52 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch McMillon Marsh 1910 Smithville Lorieann 50 Female Black Wife Branch McMillon Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary McMillon 8 Female Black Adopted Branch Daughter Marsh 1910 Smithville William Reaves 56 Male Mulatto Head Farmer Home Farm Branch 202 Marsh 1910 Smithville Charity Reaves 59 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Fred Reaves 23 Male Mulatto Son Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Christopher 20 Male Mulatto Son Laborer Factory Branch Reaves Marsh 1910 Smithville Louola Reaves 18 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mamie Reaves 16 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Catherine Reaves 14 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary B Reaves 11 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Gertrude Reaves 6 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Christerbell 2 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Reaves Marsh 1910 Smithville John Becamareer 44 Male White Head Carpenter Odd Jobs Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Annie J 38 Female White Wife Branch Becamareer Marsh 1910 Smithville Katie Becamareer 15 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Louola 12 Female White Daughter Branch Becamareer Marsh 1910 Smithville Clarrance 7 Male White Son Branch Becamareer Marsh 1910 Smithville Tina Holder 22 Female White Sister-in-law Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John Hoolder 31 Male White Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch 203 Marsh 1910 Smithville Katie Hoolder 22 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mamie Hoolder 2 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Isiac Merrick 46 Male Black Head Fireman Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Elsie Merrick 48 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Nora Merrick 16 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Clarsa[?] Merrick 14 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Richard Merrick 8 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Thomas Averett 36 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Delcy Averett 32 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Eligia Averett 15 Male Black Son Laborer At Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James F Averett 8 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Fred Rutland 16 Male Black Boarder Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Elizabeth Rutland 14 Female Black Boarder Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Joseph Rutland 7 Male Black Boarder Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Paul Reaves 37 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sara[?] Reaves 23 Male Black Wife[?] Branch 204 Marsh 1910 Smithville James Reaves 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Reaves 2 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Hampton Warry 68 Male Black Father-in-law Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Francis Warry 64 Female Black Mother-in-law Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Elizabeth Harker 59 Female White Head Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Collands Harker 24 Male White Nephew Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James Bouggie 35 Male White Head Carpenter Home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Martha Bouggie 30 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John J Carter 52 Male White Head Machinist Steam Engine Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Eliza Carter 51 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sissie Carter 17 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ednia Carter 12 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John Carter 8 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Edward Sexton 23 Male White Head Sawyer Lumber Mill Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sissie Sexton 17 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Albert Brown 21 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch 205 Marsh 1910 Smithville Loulo Brown 17 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Clarra Merrick 80 Female Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Dolla Merrick 29 Female Black Daughter Farmer At home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Queen Merrick 23 Female Black Daughter Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Merrick 15 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lula Merrick 7 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John Stevenson 36 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary E Stevenson 28 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Daisey Stevenson 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Edward Stevenson 7 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lesro Stevenson 5 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John T Stevenson 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Brown 14 Female Black Cousin Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Armon Green 57 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sarah Hoopper 59 Female Black Sister Housekeeper For Brother Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Abe Hankins 60 Male Black Boarder Odd Jobs Branch 206 Marsh 1910 Smithville Edward Brown 30 Male Black Head Fisherman Sims Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Anna Brown 25 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Adline Brown 1 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Pearl Brown 3 Female Black Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1910 Smithville Lucy Brown 52 Female Black Mother Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Henry Hill 37 Male Mulatto Head Fisherman Sims Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Deanlia Hill 33 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Blanchie Hill 13 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Fairie Hill 10 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Archie Hill 6 Male Mulatto Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Augusta Hill 5 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Annie Hill 4 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Madiline Hill 2 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Joseph Larrance 36 Male Black Head Laborer River Branch Improvement Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Larrance 29 Male Black Wife Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Katie Larrance 11 Female Black Daughter Branch 207 Marsh 1910 Smithville Kelly Reaves 41 Male Mulatto Head Fisherman Sims Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Reaves 26 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Viola Reaves 8 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Claratta Reaves 6 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Louanna Hill 37 Female Mulatto Sister-in-law Farm Laborer Working Out Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Julion Hill 16 Female Black Sister-in-law Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Louisa Willams 65 Female Mulatto Aunt Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Fannie Barber 38 Female Mulatto Head Farmer Working Out Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Beaula Barber 18 Female Mulatto Daughter Servant Working Out Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Amanda Barber 13 Female Mulatto Daughter Nurse At home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Eliga Barber 8 Male Mulatto Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Viney Barber 11 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Joseph Barber 4 Male Mulatto Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Andrew Rutland 52 Male Black Head Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Rebecka Rutland 28 Female Black Wife Washerwoman At Home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Katie Rutland 12 Female Black Daughter Branch 208 Marsh 1910 Smithville Anthrancy[?] 4 Female Black Daughter Branch Rutland Marsh 1910 Smithville Cain Rutland 1 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Samiel Davis 37 Male Black Head Fisherman Sims Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Celey Davis 29 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Enouch Davis 8 Male Black Nephew Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Hannson Davis 4 Male Black Nephew Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Robert Murry 52 Male Black Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Florance Murry 43 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Clarra Murry 9 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Murry 6 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Abraham Bellamy 66 Male Mulatto Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Winnie Bellamy 65 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William R Lewis 62 Male White Head US Light Tender Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Annie Lewis 22 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Rosa Lewis 20 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Blanch Lewis 19 Female White Daughter Branch 209 Marsh 1910 Smithville Frank Lewis 23 Male White Son Cook Lifesoom Branch Station Marsh 1910 Smithville John H Caison 32 Male White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary A Caison 29 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Marlow R. Caison 10 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mattie M Caison 9 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lanie B. Caison 6 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Henry V Caison 3 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lula V. Caison 1 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville George Stanley 42 Male White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Vicktora Stanley 37 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ella Lee Stanley 19 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William E Stanley 11 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Nella N Stanley 8 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville George Stanley 4 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Netta Blanch 2 Female White Daughter Branch Stanley Marsh 1910 Smithville Charles H 30 Male White Head Superintendent County Home Branch Hickmon 210 Marsh 1910 Smithville Minnie Hickmon 23 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Dallia Hickmon 3 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Daisey M 2 Female White Daughter Branch Hickmon Marsh 1910 Smithville Annie Wescott 85 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Jane Howard 77 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Nancy Hill 77 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sarah J Sellers 76 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Marthia Hewelt 66 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Elizabeth 56 Female White Inmate Branch Clemmons Marsh 1910 Smithville John Mints 55 Male White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mellie Ann Mints 50 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Bell Caison 36 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ethel Caison 2 Female White Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ned Galloway 88 Male Black Inmate Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Melvin Singletary 26 Male White Head Fireman Marine Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lillie Singletary 20 Female White Wife Branch 211 Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Singletary 7 Female White Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1910 Smithville Francis Singletary 62 Female White Mother Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William 44 Male Black Head Parson Branch Alexander Marsh 1910 Smithville Lucy Alexander 40 Female Black Wife Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lee Alexander 17 Male Black Son Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Clara Alexander 10 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Likey Alexander 7 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William S Randal 39 Male Mulatto Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Penny Randal 31 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Randal 7 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James J Randal 4 Male Mulatto Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Luiana Randal 2 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John R McRackan 44 Male White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Amelia 42 Female White Wife Branch McRackan Marsh 1910 Smithville Luciel McRackan 14 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Thompson 12 Male White Son Branch McRackan 212 Marsh 1910 Smithville Sophia McRackan 10 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Robert McRackan 8 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Selma McRackan 5 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Nancy J Sellers 49 Female White Head Farmer Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Alivia Sellers 26 Female White Daughter Farm At House Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Columbus Sellers 22 Male White Son Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Charley Sellers 15 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Rolph Sellers 11 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Pricella Tharp 42 Female White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Albert L Tharp 16 Male White Son Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville McDuffy Tharp 13 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Rosida Smith 55 Female White Sister Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William H Moore 56 Male White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sallie R Moore 48 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Edna Moore 21 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Joal Moore 17 Male White Son Branch 213 Marsh 1910 Smithville Claud Moore 16 Male White Son Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John W Glasco 18 Male Black Servant Laborer On Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Edwin Walton 47 Male White Head Fisherman Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Friday Picket 67 Male Black Head Farmer Working Out Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Peggy Picket 42 Female Black Wife House Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Milbray Picket 10 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Dora Picket 21 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Samuel Merrick 21 Male Black Son-in-law Engoneer[?] Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mollie Griffen 35 Female Mulatto Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Kallie Griffen 20 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Maggie Griffen 14 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Griffen 8 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Blanchie Griffen 5 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Hector H. Smith 55 Male Black Head Parson Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary J. Smith 54 Female Mulatto Wife Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James I. Smith 16 Male Black Son Laborer Home Farm Branch 214 Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Jane Smith 12 Female Black Niece Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Arthur Smith 5 Male Black Nephew Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Charles Millenor 64 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sarah Millenor 53 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Calvin Millenor 22 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Willie Millenor 19 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Preston Green 55 Male White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mariah Green 53 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ida Green 24 Female Mulatto Daughter Washerwoman At Home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sarah Green 22 Female Mulatto Daughter Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Emma Green 20 Female Mulatto Daughter Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Dora Green 18 Female Mulatto Daughter Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Haddie Green 13 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Edie Mcmill 8 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Preston Mcmill 5 Male Black Grandson Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Zebedee Mcmill 3 Male Black Grandson Branch 215 Marsh 1910 Smithville Estolla Thomas 1 y Female Black Granddaughter Branch 5 mo Marsh 1910 Smithville George Green 30 Male Mulatto Head Farmer Home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ionia Green 29 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville William Green 32 Male Mulatto Head Farmer Home Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Green 28 Female Mulatto Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James Green 6 Male Mulatto Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Harry Lee Green 4 Male Mulatto Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Blanchie Green 2 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Etta Green 7 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1910 Smithville Frank Green 21 Male Mulatto Brother Laborer Working Out Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John Parker 42 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Villie Parker 39 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Sarah Parker 15 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Herbert Parker 12 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Beatrice Parker 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Oliver Parker 6 Male Black Son Branch 216 Marsh 1910 Smithville John L Parker 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John Hill 30 Male Black Head Tide Tender US Servis[?] Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Susan Hill 22 Female Black Wife farmer Working out Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ramsea[?] Sugs 12 Female Black Niece Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Joshoway Nelson 55 Male Black Boarder Parson Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville S P Nelson 34 Male White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Annie Nelson 29 Female White Sister Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Alfred Jones 55 Male Mulatto Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Alice Jones 40 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Walter Jones 7 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lussi Lee Jones 3 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Nancy Gore 59 Female Mulatto Head Midwife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Francis Gore 20 Female Mulatto Daughter farmer Laborer Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James Gore 16 Male Mulatto Son Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Lydia Gore 14 Female Mulatto Daughter Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John Brown 22 Male Black Son-in-law Farmer At Home Branch 217 Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary Brown 19 Female Mulatto Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Eben[?] Harker 50 Male White Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Isidora Harker 57 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville John H Martain 40 Male White Boarder Farm Laborer Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Hatty Medows 24 Female White Niece Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Thomas Medows 21 Male White Nephew Machinist At Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Margarete 15 Female White Niece Branch Medows Marsh 1910 Smithville Astha[?] D 2 Male White Nephew Branch Medows Marsh 1910 Smithville Joseph Brown 40 Male White Head Carpenter Beach Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ella Brown 39 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Johnnie Brown 14 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Dasio Brown 13 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Carl Brown 10 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Luccile Brown 8 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Earl Brown 4 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Ruth Brown 3 Female White Daughter Branch 218 Marsh 1910 Smithville Larrance Brown 10 Male White Son Branch mo. Marsh 1910 Smithville Nancy Barber 70 Female Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville James McMillin 25 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Brittie McMillin 30 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Willis H Temple 48 Male White Head Tinsmith House Work Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Mary E Temple 40 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Alford Belts 29 Male Black Head Foreman Lumber Mill Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Dora Belts 29 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Effie Belts 6 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Hooper Millinder 27 Male Black Head Laborer Sawmill Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Dollyann 23 Female Black Wife Branch Millinder Marsh 1910 Smithville Rebecka Millinder 1 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Island Picket 50 Male Black Head Farmer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Maggie Picket 44 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Abraham Picket 20 Male Black Son Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Carl Picket 18 Male Black Son Laborer Home Farm Branch 219 Marsh 1910 Smithville Lutenta Picket 16 Female Black Daughter Laborer Home Farm Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Enouch Picket 12 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Donnie Picket 10 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Fannie Picket 7 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1910 Smithville Amanda Nut 65 Female Black Mother-in-law Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville R Reaves 52 Male Black Head Fisherman General Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L B Reaves 26 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville V Reaves 18 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C E Reaves 15 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Reaves 1 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Mims 46 Male Black Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L V Mims 47 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Mims 16 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Mims 14 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E Mims 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Mims 8 Male Black Son Branch 220 Marsh 1920 Smithville W Mims 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J A Dosher 55 Male White Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J D Dosher 50 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville R L Dosher 17 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A M Dosher 15 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E E Dosher 13 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A W Sellers 35 Male White Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville F E Sellers 38 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W Sellers 12 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Sellers 10 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville K Sellers 8 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W Sellers 6 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville R Sellers 4 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville Oscar Sorensen 72 Male White Head Farming General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Sorensen 73 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville B Sorensen 28 Male White Head Carpenter House Branch 221 Marsh 1920 Smithville M Sorensen 25 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Sorensen 8 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W Sorensen 7 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville R A Sorensen 4 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H Sorensen 1 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W H Temple 58 Male White Head Sheet Metal Fish Factory Branch Worker Marsh 1920 Smithville M E Temple 50 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W O Heart 60 Male White Head Brick Mason General Work Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J F Heart 68 Male White Brother Carpenter House Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville John Parker 50 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville V Parker 38 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville O Parker 15 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J E Parker 12 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville James McMilen 30 Male Black Head Fisherman Fish Boat Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L McMilen 30 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville G F McMilen 14 Male Black Son Branch 222 Marsh 1920 Smithville L McMilen 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L McMilen 10 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L M McMilen 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W McMilen 1 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville F C Gore 29 Male Black Head Fisherman Fish Boat Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Gore 1 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Reaves 42 Male Black Head Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Reaves 31 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H D Reaves 11 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville B Reaves 8 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Reaves 6 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J L Reaves 4 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J L Reaves 3 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W E Reaves 2 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville R Reaves 1 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J McMillen 40 Male Black Head Fisherman Fish Boat Branch 223 Marsh 1920 Smithville S McMillen 30 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E L McMillen 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A J McMillen 3 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H McMillen 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville George Green 40 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Green 39 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W H Green 42 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Green 39 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Green 18 Male Black Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H L Green 13 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Green 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M E Green 10 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L B Green 9 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W H Green 7 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville Fanny Smith 48 Female Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W J Smith 13 Male Black Son Branch 224 Marsh 1920 Smithville B Samson 50 Male Black Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville V Samson 40 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J W Gore 24 Male Black Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M L Gore 19 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W H Johnson 70 Male Black Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville B T Johnson 48 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J W Johnson 10 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E E Johnson 5 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville [?] Piggot 50 Female Black Head Care Taker Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H Piggot 52 Male Black Brother Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C M Reaves 70 Male Black Head Watchman Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville D Reaves 52 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C C Reaves 19 Male Black Son Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville T Reaves 16 Male Black Son Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville G Reaves 14 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L T Reaves 7 Female Black Daughter Branch 225 Marsh 1920 Smithville E T Reaves 4 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H Berry 28 Female Black Head Domestic Family Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Berry 9 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville P T Berry 5 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Berry 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C M Berry 8 Male Black Son Branch mo. Marsh 1920 Smithville D Galoway 21 Male Black Head Laborer Saw Mill Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville V Galoway 19 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Smith 25 Male Black Head Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Smith 26 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M C Smith 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville D Smith 5 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Smith 3 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville F Smith 1 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H Smith 65 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M J Smith 60 Female Black Wife Branch 226 Marsh 1920 Smithville A Smith 13 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Smith 18 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M C Smith 7 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville D Smith 6 Male Black Grandson Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville John Joiner 39 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Joiner 34 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville P Joiner 17 Male Black Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M J Joiner 14 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville S A Joiner 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W L Joiner 8 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Joiner 6 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville S Joiner 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Joiner 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Betts 56 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville D Betts 40 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E Betts 16 Female Black Daughter Branch 227 Marsh 1920 Smithville T P Betts 5 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville Paul Reaves 42 Male Black Head Fishman Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Reaves 32 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A P Reaves 5 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C Reaves 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville F W Reaves 65 Female Black Mother Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville N Jones 41 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Jones 38 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W E Jones 11 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C Jones 8 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Jones 8 Female Black Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1920 Smithville L Rutland 40 Female Black Head Laborer Fishing Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W W Rutland 20 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J W Rutland 18 Male Black Son Laborer General Work Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville Joseph Larence 50 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Larence 38 Female Black Wife Branch 228 Marsh 1920 Smithville William Reaves 64 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C Reaves 55 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville F Reaves 32 Male Black Son Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C Reaves 29 Male Black Son Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L R Reaves 27 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M E Reaves 24 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C H Reaves 22 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M L Reaves 20 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville G Reaves 16 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C B Reaves 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville R R Reaves 3 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C R H Reaves 3 Female Black X Branch mo. Marsh 1920 Smithville John T Brown 31 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Brown 28 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E Brown 10 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E H Brown 8 Male Black Son Branch 229 Marsh 1920 Smithville J H Brown 6 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville B M Brown 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J T Brown 6 Male Black Son Branch mo. Marsh 1920 Smithville Henry Hill 45 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville D Hill 41 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Hill 16 Male Black Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A B Hill 14 Female Black Daughter Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A L Hill 13 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Hill 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville O Hill 3 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A L Hill 2 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville John Joiner 45 Male Black Head Fishing Fish Boat Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Joiner 40 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A J Joiner 17 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M J Joiner 15 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville S M Joiner 13 Female Black Daughter Branch 230 Marsh 1920 Smithville W L Joiner 11 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Joiner 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville S L Joiner 4 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J L Joiner 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E Brown 39 Male Black Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Brown 34 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville J Brown 12 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville P Brown 10 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville L Brown 8 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville A Brown 6 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E Brown 5 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville G Brown 2 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E E Brown 10 Female Black Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1920 Smithville John Burnett 35 Male Black Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Burnett 30 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W Burnett 10 Male Black Son Branch 231 Marsh 1920 Smithville T Burnett 8 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville Sam Davis 45 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville C Davis 36 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H Davis 13 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville Saul Hick 38 Male Black Head Sawyer Saw Mill Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M E Hick 37 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E Hick 17 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville H Hick 15 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville E Hick 7 Male Black Son Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville P Hick 2 Female Black Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1920 Smithville W Shields 21 Male Black Head Fireman Fish Steamer Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W D Shields 20 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville D Piggot 29 Female Black Daughter Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville I Piggot 57 Male Black Head Farmer General Farm Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M Piggot 54 Female Black Wife Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M L Piggot 14 Female Black Daughter Branch 232 Marsh 1920 Smithville N R Piggot 12 Male Black Grandson Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville W Piggot 9 Male Black Grandson Branch Marsh 1920 Smithville M M Piggot 6 Female Black Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Samuel Davis 54 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Celia Davis 50 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Harris Davis 23 Male Negro Nephew Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Lola M Davis 18 Female Negro Niece-in-law Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William Reeves 70 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Charity Reeves 60 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lula R Swain 36 Female Negro Daughter House Maid Private Branch Family Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary L Jones 27 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Rudolph Jones 2 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Gertrude Reeves 24 Female Negro Daughter Laundress Private Branch Family Marsh 1930 Smithville Violet Parker 55 Female Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary E Galloway 8 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Annie M 6 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Galloway 233 Marsh 1930 Smithville Edward Galloway 4 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lindburg Parker 2 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Oliver Parker 25 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Christabell Parker 21 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Oliver W Parker 5 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Chistabell Parker 4 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Frances A Parker [?] Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James B Green 27 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Augusta B Green 24 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Jessie L Green 5 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mattie B Green 4 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Addie M Green 3 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James McMillon 36 Male Negro Head Fisherman Shad Fishing Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lydia McMillon 33 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James F 18 Male Negro Son Boatman Coal Passer Branch McMillon Marsh 1930 Smithville Lucy McMillon 17 Female Negro Daughter Cook Private Branch Family 234 Marsh 1930 Smithville William L 15 Male Negro Son Branch McMillon Marsh 1930 Smithville Lula M McMillon 13 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William A 10 Male Negro Son Branch McMillon Marsh 1930 Smithville John J McMillon 8 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary E McMillon 6 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Augusta 4 Female Negro Daughter Branch McMillon Marsh 1930 Smithville William Johnson 74 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Betsy E Johnson 58 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville John W Gore 20 Male Negro Cousin Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Edward E Gore 15 Male Negro Cousin Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James S Gore 12 Male Negro Cousin Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Luther Bellamy 34 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Susie L Bellamy 22 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Dorothy M 12 Female Negro Daughter Branch Bellamy Marsh 1930 Smithville James McMillan 79 Male Negro Head Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William Parker 56 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming 235 Marsh 1930 Smithville Nora Parker 44 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Gladys Parker 17 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William Parker 16 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Robert Parker 15 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James Parker 13 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lillie Parker 12 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Eddie L Parker 9 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lula Parker 7 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Laura Reaves 38 Female Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary Reaves 23 Female Negro Daughter Cook Private Branch Family Marsh 1930 Smithville Addie P Reaves 16 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Charles Reaves 11 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Walter Jones 25 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Fannie Jones 27 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Kate Moore 45 Female Negro Mother-in-law Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Edward Jones 49 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming 236 Marsh 1930 Smithville Mamie Jones 43 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William E Jones 20 Male Negro Son Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Mamie Jones 11 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Madeline Jones 22 Female Negro Daughter-in- Branch law Marsh 1930 Smithville James Reaves 52 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Amelia Reaves 41 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Allie Reaves 16 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Josie L Reaves 14 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Rosa B Reaves 12 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Almerda Reaves 8 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary V Reaves 2 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Laurance Reaves 11 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Ermon Reaves 9 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Edward Brown 50 Male Negro Head Fisherman Shad And Branch Menhaden Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Anna E Brown 45 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Adeline Brown 22 Female Negro Daughter Branch 237 Marsh 1930 Smithville Annie R Brown 16 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Goldie Brown 12 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Evelyn Brown 11 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William S Brown 8 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Austin E Brown 13 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Alfred Betts 48 Male Negro Head Cook Boat Cook Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Dora Betts 50 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Essie F Betts 26 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Thomas P Betts 15 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Holland Rutland 75 Male Negro Head Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lucy Rutland 45 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William Wilson 23 Male Negro Stepson Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Claude Moore 36 Male White Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Ruby L Moore 29 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville John Wamble 53 Male White Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Florence Wamble 53 Female White Wife Branch 238 Marsh 1930 Smithville Andrew 37 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch McMillon Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Nora McMillon 29 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Andrew 9 Male Negro Son Branch McMillon Jr. Marsh 1930 Smithville Warren E 7 Male Negro Son Branch Mcmillon Marsh 1930 Smithville John W McMillon 5 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William E 3 Male Negro Son Branch McMillon Marsh 1930 Smithville David Galloway 36 Male Negro Head Fisherman Shad and Branch Menhaden Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Beatrice Galloway 26 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Robert L 2 Male Negro Son Branch Galloway Marsh 1930 Smithville Fletcher Smith 35 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Amanda Smith 39 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Daniel Smith 17 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lee Smith 14 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James Smith 11 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Eddie Smith 9 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Joseph Smith 7 Male Negro Son Branch 239 Marsh 1930 Smithville Arthur Smith 4 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mamie Smith 32 Female Negro Foster Sister Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William Jones 75 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Millie Jones 78 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Pimbrook Clark 33 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Cora Clark 34 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Alice Clark 14 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Annie L Clark 13 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Laurance Clark 10 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Kelly Reaves 50 Male Negro Head Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville John Joyner 50 Male Negro Head Oil Maker Menhaden Branch Factory Marsh 1930 Smithville Annie Joyner 49 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Luvenia [?] 18 Female Negro Daughter Branch Joyner Marsh 1930 Smithville Samuel Joyner 14 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville John L Joyner 12 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William H Joyner 10 Male Negro Son Branch 240 Marsh 1930 Smithville Joseph Laurance 50 Male Negro Head Cook Gov. Boat Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lenora Laurance 48 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Edward Laurance 10 Male Negro Nephew Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Laureta Hill 16 Female Negro Adopted Branch Daughter Marsh 1930 Smithville Annie Laurance 75 Female Negro Mother Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Henry Hill 51 Male Negro Head Fisherman Shad Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Delia Hill 48 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Archie Hill 25 Male Negro Son Mess Boy Gov. Boat Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Odell Hill 13 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Warren Hill 11 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville John T Brown 41 Male Negro Head Fireman Gov. Boat Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary Brown 39 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Ernest Brown 20 Male Negro Son Mill Hand Saw Mill Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James H Brown 16 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Eula M Brown 14 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville John T Brown 8 Male Negro Son Branch 241 Marsh 1930 Smithville Cleveland A 6 Male Negro Son Branch Brown Marsh 1930 Smithville Sadie B Brown 3 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Evelena Joyner 18 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William Joyner 21 Male Negro Son-in-law Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Doris L Joyner 6 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch mo. Marsh 1930 Smithville Paul Bratton 40 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lula Bratton 37 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lillie M Brown 15 Female Negro Stepdaughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Ruth E Brown 12 Female Negro Stepdaughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Harry Green 23 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Bertha Green 19 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mabel Green 1 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lundeo Green 11 Male Negro Son Branch mo. Marsh 1930 Smithville Isreal P 48 Male Negro Head Filling Station Gasoline Branch Clemmons Marsh 1930 Smithville Saul Hitch 46 Male Negro Head Fireman Gov. Boat Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary E Hitch 44 Female Negro Wife Branch 242 Marsh 1930 Smithville Wilber Deashield 29 Male Negro Stepson-In- Fireman Gov. Boat Branch Law Marsh 1930 Smithville Daisy Deashield 30 Female Negro Stepdaughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Edward Stevenson 28 Male Negro Stepson Fisherman Menhaden Branch Fishing Marsh 1930 Smithville Earl Stevenson 16 Male Negro Stepson Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Pauline Hitch 10 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville James Bogie 57 Male White Head Watchman Menhaden Branch Factory Marsh 1930 Smithville Martha Bogie 52 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Alexander Bogie 19 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Harry Bogie 18 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Albert Bogie 15 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Ella Bogie 13 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Ethel Bogie 8 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Christopher 41 Male Negro Head Fireman Menhaden Branch Reaves Factory Marsh 1930 Smithville William E Reaves 17 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Geneva Reaves 14 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Lula Reaves 10 Female Negro Daughter Branch 243 Marsh 1930 Smithville Elanor Reaves 7 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Mamie Reaves 3 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Western G Collins 50 Male White Head Watchman Menhaden Branch Factory Marsh 1930 Smithville Lenora Collins 52 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Samuel F 27 Male White Son-In-Law Carpenter Home Builder Branch Dellinger Marsh 1930 Smithville Lillian Dellinger 27 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville George Green 51 Male Negro Head Farmer Trucking Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William Green 42 Male Negro Head Farmer General Branch Farming Marsh 1930 Smithville Mary Green 41 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Berta Green 17 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William H Green 16 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Berta McMillon 10 Female Negro Niece Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William A Bernett 55 Male Negro Head Fireman Saw Mill Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville Minnie Bernett 47 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1930 Smithville William A Bernett 21 Male Negro Son Laborer Saw Mill Branch Jr. Marsh 1930 Smithville Reusie Bernett 5 Male Negro Grandson Branch 244 Marsh 1940 Smithville James Reaves 63 Male Negro Head Laborer WPA Branch Highway Marsh 1940 Smithville Amelia Reaves 41 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Allie Reaves 25 Female Negro Daughter Nursing Private Home Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Josie Lee Reaves 23 Female Negro Daughter Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Rosa Bell Reaves 19 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Laurence Reaves 20 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Ermon Reaves 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Elneta Reaves 15 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Mary V Reaves 12 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Edward Brown 58 Male Negro Head Laborer Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Hannah Brown 54 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Goldie Brown 22 Female Negro Daughter Coop[Cook?] Private Home Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Evelyn Brown 20 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William S Brown 18 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lillian Ennett 28 Female Negro Daughter Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Ernestine Ennett 9 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch 245 Marsh 1940 Smithville Allison Jeneight 8 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Angilene Ennett 8 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Macon Ennett Jr. 3 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Harold Elliss 2 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William H Green 62 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Mary Green 57 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Paul Bratten 46 Male Negro Head Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lula Bratten 44 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lillie M Brown 23 Female Negro Stepdaughter Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Ruth Brown 20 Female Negro Stepdaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Wilma Lee Brown 5 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Mary Brown 50 Female Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville J Thomas Brown 19 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Cleveland Brown 16 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Sadie Brown 13 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Jaunita Brown 7 Female Negro Daughter Branch 246 Marsh 1940 Smithville Delia Hill 56 Female Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Archie Hill 32 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Robert L Parker 7 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Duval Hill 5 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Joseph Laurence 65 Male Negro Head Laborer WPA Branch Highway Marsh 1940 Smithville Lenara Laurence 62 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William Wilson 38 Male Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Willie Lee Joyner 31 Male Negro Head Laborer Fish Boat Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Evelyn Joyner 28 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Doris L Joyner 10 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Willie Lee Joyner 8 Male Negro Son Branch Jr. Marsh 1940 Smithville George G Stanley 35 Male White Head Laborer WPA Branch Highway Marsh 1940 Smithville Nova Stanley 25 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Geroge G Stanley 9 Male White Son Branch Jr. Marsh 1940 Smithville LeRoy Stanley 7 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Glen Stanley 6 Male White Son Branch 247 Marsh 1940 Smithville Betty Earle 3 Female White Daughter Branch Stanley Marsh 1940 Smithville Carol Ann Stanley 1 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville W Ernest Stanley 41 Male White Head Laborer WPA Branch Highway Marsh 1940 Smithville Lillie C Stanley 39 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Marie V Stanley 14 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Dorothy M 11 Female White Daughter Branch Stanley Marsh 1940 Smithville Mary L Stanley 6 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William E Stanley 4 Male White Son Branch Jr. Marsh 1940 Smithville Oscar Jones 47 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Mattie J Jones 51 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Holly Jones 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Jessie Ray Jones 6 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville June Smith 47 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Maggie Smith 44 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Elmer Smith 20 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Charles Smith 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch 248 Marsh 1940 Smithville Lewis Smith 26 Male Negro Son Laborer Ground Saw Branch Mill Marsh 1940 Smithville Ethel Smith 25 Female Negro Daughter-in- Branch law Marsh 1940 Smithville Robert Lee Smith 1 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Willie June Smith 0 Male Negro Grandson Branch mo. Marsh 1940 Smithville Charles H 9 Male Negro Grandson Branch Brimage Marsh 1940 Smithville Henry Smith 41 Male Negro Brother Farming Farmer Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Celia Davis 59 Female Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Harris Davis 33 Male Negro Son Laborer Fish Boat Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lola May Davis 26 Female Negro Daughter-in- Laborer Farm Branch law Marsh 1940 Smithville Herman H Smith 28 Male White Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Margaret R Smith 29 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Dick Crocker 45 Male White Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Onie Crocker 37 Female White Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William Crocker 19 Male White Son Laborer Ground Saw Branch Mill Marsh 1940 Smithville Joseph Crocker 18 Male White Son Laborer Ground Saw Branch Mill Marsh 1940 Smithville Johnnie Crocker 15 Male White Son Laborer Farm Branch 249 Marsh 1940 Smithville Neil Crocker 9 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Katie Crocker 7 Female White Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Harold Crocker 3 Male White Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Herbert Parker 40 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Melissa Parker 42 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Mary Lillie Parker 18 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville LeRoy Parker 16 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Herbert Parker Jr. 12 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Rosa Lee Parker 10 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lucile Parker 8 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Ruby Parker 6 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Reather [Heather] 3 Female Negro Daughter Branch Parker Marsh 1940 Smithville Oliver Parker 40 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Olmer W Parker 15 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Christabell Parker 14 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William S Parker 11 Male Negro Son Branch 250 Marsh 1940 Smithville Agatha Parker 10 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Helen Vereen 8 Female Negro Daughter Branch Parker Marsh 1940 Smithville Winbird Parker 5 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Violet Parker 70 Female Negro Mother Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William Parker 68 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Dara Parker 55 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Eddie Parker 19 Male Negro Son Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Eran Parker 10 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Louise V Parker 9 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Vivian J Parker 4 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Alfred Betts 58 Male Negro Head Cook Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Dara Betts 61 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Essie Betts 36 Female Negro Daughter Cook Private Home Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Venara Betts 2 Female Negro Granddaughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Annie Joyner 53 Female Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville John Joyner 20 Male Negro Son Branch 251 Marsh 1940 Smithville Henry Joyner 19 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lester Moore 13 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lewis Moore 12 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Pen Clark 29 Male Negro Brother-in-law Laborer Fertilizer Branch Factory Marsh 1940 Smithville Cora Clark 40 Female Negro Sister Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Laurence Clark 18 Male Negro Nephew New Worker Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Jaqulene Jones 3 Female Negro Niece Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville John Parker 29 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lucy Parker 25 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Nora McMillian 40 Female Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Andrew 21 Male Negro Son Dish Washer Hotel Branch McMillian Marsh 1940 Smithville Warren 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Saw Mill Branch McMillian Marsh 1940 Smithville John McMillian 16 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William 13 Male Negro Son Branch McMillian Marsh 1940 Smithville John Roberts 47 Male Negro Head Laborer Saw Mill Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Ruby Roberts 21 Female Negro Wife Branch 252 Marsh 1940 Smithville Oscar Roberts 2 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Catherine Roberts 10 Female Negro Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1940 Smithville Walter Jones 30 Male Negro Head Laborer Saw Mill Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Fanny Jones 30 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Kelly Reaves 72 Male Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Ned Jones 61 Male Negro Head Laborer WPA Branch Highway Marsh 1940 Smithville Fletcher Smith 44 Male Negro Head Farming Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Estelle Smith 42 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Fletcher Smith Jr. 21 Male Negro Son Laborer Fish Boat Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Eddie Smith 19 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville R Joseph Smith 17 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville John A Smith 14 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William B Smith 7 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville David Galloway 46 Male Negro Head Fishing Fish Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Beatrice Galloway 39 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Mary E Galloway 19 Female Negro Daughter Branch 253 Marsh 1940 Smithville Annie M 18 Female Negro Daughter Branch Galloway Marsh 1940 Smithville Edward Galloway 15 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Robert Lee 12 Male Negro Son Branch Galloway Marsh 1940 Smithville Rivers Galloway 10 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Inez Galloway 8 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Eva May 4 Female Negro Daughter Branch Galloway Marsh 1940 Smithville Vernair Galloway 3 Female Negro Daughter Branch mo. Marsh 1940 Smithville James McMillian 48 Male Negro Head Steam Fireman Fish Factory Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lettie McMillian 42 Female Negro Wife Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Lula M McMillian 22 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville William 20 Male Negro Son Branch McMillian Marsh 1940 Smithville John J McMillian 18 Male Negro Son Laborer Farm Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Mary McMillian 16 Female Negro Daughter Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Augusta 14 Male Negro Son Branch McMillian Marsh 1940 Smithville Earle Stevenson 7 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Curtis Stevenson 5 Male Negro Grandson Branch 254 Marsh 1940 Smithville Joseph Stevenson 2 Male Negro Grandson Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Susie Green 32 Female Negro Head Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville Louise B Green 15 Female Negro Daughter New Worker Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville George Green 5 Male Negro Son Branch Marsh 1940 Smithville David Green 1 Male Negro Son Branch 255 APPENDIX E – UNCW ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SCHOOL FORMS The Unit Form used during the 2018 UNCW Archaeological Field School. The Level Form used during the 2018 UNCW Archaeological Field School. 257 The Bag Check List used in during the 2018 UNCW Archaeological Field School. 258 The Master Lab Form used in the UNCW Archaeology Lab during the processing of artifacts. 259 APPENDIX F – LIST OF UNCW FIELD SCHOOL STUDENT PARTICIPANTS 1. Da-Mosi Brown-Gorham 2. Jacob Cooper 3. Ingrid Hoogland 4. Miranda Malisher 5. Jaynie Martinez 6. Erin McGaughey 7. Melanie McLaughlin 8. Trevor Moyers 9. Megan Shuck 10. Nathan Stallard 11. Jared Webb 12. LeeAnne Winter