Teresa L. Moore. FORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF THE
MIOCENE PUNGO RIVER FORMATION, CENTRAL ONSLOW EMBAYMENT, NORTH CAROLINA
CONTINENTAL MARGIN. (Under the direction of Dr. Scott W. Snyder) East
Carolina University, Department of Geology, March, 1986.
The Pungo River Formation in Central Onslow Embayment consists of
three third-order seismic sequences (FPF, AF, and BBF), which comprise
smaller, fourth-order seismic sequences bounded by unconformities.
Biostratigraphic analyses indicate a Burdigalian (late early Miocene)
age for the FPF sequences. FPF-1 through FPF-3 and the lower portion
of FPF-6 are assigned to planktonic foraminiferal Zone N6 (Blow, 1969,
1979) based on the concurrent ranges of secondary indicator species
such as Globigerinoides quadrllobatus altiapertura, Catapsydrax
unicavus, Globorotalia birnageae, Globigerinoides quadrilobatus
praelmmaturus and Globigerinoides subquadratus. The middle and upper
portion of the FPF-6 sequence lies within the early portion of Zone N7
(based on the first appearance of Globigerinoides slcanus praeslcanus).
The AF sequence is Langhian (early middle Miocene) in age and is
assigned to planktonic foraminiferal Zone N9 (characterized by the
appearance of Orbullna universa and the disappearance of early Miocene
taxa). The age of the BBF sequence in Central Onslow Bay cannot be as
accurately estimated due to the long stratigraphic ranges of species
present. However, in Northern Onslow Bay the disappearance of the
Globigerínoides sicanus complex, along with the co-occurrence of
Globigerinoides bollii and Globorotalia siakensis (Snyder, pers. comm.,
1985), suggests a Serravallian (middle Miocene) age corresponding to
Zones N11-N14. When compared to coastal offlap/onlap curves, the FPF,
AF and BBF sequences fall within the third-order Miocene TM 1.4, 2.1
and 2.2 transgressions, respectively (Vail et al., 1977; Vail and
Mitchum, 1979).
Moderate species diversity and faunal predominance in benthic
assemblages indicate deposition on the middle to outer continental
shelf. Three distinct benthic foraminiferal associations in Central
Onslow Bay are each associated with a particular sediment type
throughout the sequences. Change in species composition of benthic
assemblages reflects variations in water mass properties and sediment
type, rather than paleobathymetry. The FPF-1, FPF-2 and FPF-3
sequences are slightly predominated by Bolivina paula and other species
associated with high-nutrient, low-oxygen conditions characteristic of
upwelling zones. Increased abundance of Valvulineria floridana and
Cibicides americanus in the FPF-6 sequence suggests transition from
conditions of modest nutrient supply to more highly oxygenated, normal
marine conditions. The strong predominance of Cibicides americanus in
the AF-3 sequence suggests a well oxygenated, open marine environment.
Bolivina paula predominates in the BBF-1 and BBF-2 sequences. In BBF-
1, the abundance of this species, in association with diatoms and high
phosphate content suggests strong upwelling conditions. The
predominance of Bolivina paula in BBF-2 is probably related to its
preferential preservation involving mechanical destruction of other
species that may have been present.
FORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGHRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGY
OF THE MIOCENE PUNGO RIVER FORMATION,
CENTRAL ONSLOW EMBAYMENT,
NORTH CAROLINA CONTINENTAL MARGIN
A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the Department of Geology
Last Carolina University
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science in Geology
by
Teresa L. Moore
March 6, 1986
iCy LIBRARY
%
Ï
FORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGY
OF THE MIOCENE PUNGO RIVER FORMATION,
CENTRAL ONSLOW EMBAYMENT,
NORTH CAROLINA CONTINENTAL MJ^RGIN
by
Teresa L. Moore
APPROVED BY:
DIRECTOR OF THESIS
COMMITTEE MEMBER
COMMITTEE MEMBER
COMMITTEE MEMBER
William Shoi^^s
N. C. State University
DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
t
ACKNOlVLEDGMENTS
Funding for this research was provided through the North Carolina
Geological Survey Section, Division of Land Resources; National Science
Foundation (OCE-8118164 and OCE-8400383, "Genesis of the phosphorite
sediment sequences on the mid Atlantic continental margin", S. R. Riggs
and A. C. Hine principal investigators); and the North Carolina Sea
Grant College (R/AO-3, "Micropaleontological characteristics and
correlation of continental shelf phosphorites, Onslow Bay, North
Carolina", S. W. Snyder and S. R. Riggs principal investigators).
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Scott Snyder for his
guidance, supervision and aerobic endurance for the duration of this
thesis. I would also like to thank committee members Dr. Stanley Riggs
and Dr. Donald Neal for providing invaluable assistance, and Dr.
William Showers who kindly served as outside consultant.
There are many cast and crew members who have helped make the
production of "Out of Greenville" a success. In the category of "Best
Performance in a Supporting Role", I would like to thank "roomies" Sue
Oppenlander, Beth Partin and Kathy Taylor Southgate; their patience and
popcorn helped see me through. Special thanks go to LeAnn Moran whose
vivid personality and creativity in "Costume and Graphic Design" made
my stay here a little more tolerable. For "Best Performance in a
Melodramatic Comedy", I vrould like to thank Laurie Loftin who kept me
entertained with her many escapades. "Scenery and Stage Design" goes
to Mark Ebert who helped put the scope of this project in perspective
by taking me in the boat out on the ocean. Honorable mention goes to
"Choreographer" David Lawrence, "Special Effects and Creative Director"
Sally Lawrence, "Best Simba" Bean Lawrence, "Sound Effects" Zachary
Bird, "Technical Advisors" Doug Ellington, Brenda Smith and Lori
Stewart. "Best Director/Producer/Editor" goes to Scott W. Snyder for
a job well done. And finally, the award for "Best Performance in a
Leading Role" goes to my parents, Tom and Nell Moore, and to Lee Piver,
whose encouragement, love and support gave this production a happy
ending.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC AND GEOGRAPHIC SETTING 5
METHODS OF STUDY 7
PREVIOUS WORK 13
LITHOLOGIC AND SEISMIC FRAMEWORK 18
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA 23
BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA 31
PALEOECOLOGY 40
Environmental Characteristics of. Key Benthic Foraminifera 40
Paleoecological Interpretations 46
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 59
ANNOTATED FAUNAL LIST 6 2
Planktonic Foraminifera.. ...63
Benthic Foraminifera 81
REFERENCES CITED 106
PLATES. . 113
APPENDIX A 137
APPENDIX B 166
APPENDIX C 1 7 0
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE PAGE
1. MAP, LOCATION OF STUDY AREA AND
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL
FEATURES 2
2. MAP, CORE LOCATIONS WITHIN STUDY AREA 8
3. CHART, SUMMARIZING STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES,
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL ZONES AND
RELATIVE GLOBAL SEA-LEVEL 17
4. MAP, OUTCROP DISTRIBUTION OF
MIOCENE PUNCO RIVER FORMATION,
CENTRAL ONSLOW BAY 20
5. STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE CHART,
CENTRAL ONSLOW BAY PLANKTONIC SPECIES 24
6. PLANKTONIC ZONE ASSIGNMENTS,
CENTRAL ONSLOW BAY 27
7. FORAMINIFERAL STATISTICAL DATA,'
PUNCO RIVER DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES 32
8. MEAN RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF MAJOR
BENTHIC SPECIES 33
9. SUMMARIZATION OF FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS 41
10. FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS,
FPF-1 SEQUENCE 47
11. FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS,
FPF-2 SEQUENCE 49
12. FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS,
FPF-3 SEQUENCE 51
13. FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS,
FPF-6 SEQUENCE 53
14. FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS,
AF-3 SEQUENCE 54
15. FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS,
BBF-1 SEQUENCE (LOWER PORTION) 56
16. FAUNAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS,
BBF-1 SEQUENCE (MIDDLE PORTION) 57
TABLES
1. SUMMARIZATION OF SAMPLE ANALYSES 9
2. SUMMARY OF BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC
AGE ASSIGNMENTS 2 8
PLATES 113-136
APPENDIX A 13 7-165
APPENDIX B 166-169
APPENDIX C 17 0-180
INTRODUCTION
Onslow Bay is located on the southeastern continental margin of
North Carolina (Fig. 1). The Miocene Fungo River Formation, which
underlies the northeastern portion of the North Carolina Coastal
Plain, extends across Onslow Bay to form a seaward-thickening wedge of
sediments.
The Fungo River Formation is eqivalent to the Calvert Formation of
the early Miocene to late Pliocene Chesapeake Group, which occurs
along the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina to Delaware
(Bailey, 1973). Pungo River strata unconformably overly sediments of
Eocene to Oligocène age, and are unconf ormably overlain by the
Pliocene Yorktown Formation (Akers, 1972; Snyder et al., 1983) or
Quaternary sediments. Miocene sediments along some portions of the
southeastern Atlantic Coastal Plain and Continental Shelf contain high
concentrations of phosphate. Although economically important phosphate
deposits do not occur in the Calvert, Choptank and St. Marys Formations
of Maryland and Virginia (lower through middle Miocene), Pungo River
sediments in North Carolina are generally phosphate-rich. The most
concentrated deposits occur in the Aurora mining district and in
Southern Onslow Bay (Riggs et al., 1985) (Fig. 1). Pungo River
sediments are also correlative with the Miocene Hawthorn Formation,
which contains abundant phosphate in Florida, Georgia and South
Carolina (Riggs et al., 1982a; Riggs, 1984).
Research on phosphate genesis and accumulation, funded by the
2
Fig. 1. Location of study area of Central Onslow Bay to major geographic
features and phosphate districts (after Riggs et al., 1985).
3
National Science Foundation and coordinated by Dr. Stanley R. Riggs of
East Carolina University and Dr. Albert C. Hine of the University of
South Florida, has demonstrated that Fungo River sediments crop out
across the continental shelf of Onslow Bay, North Carolina (Fig. 2)
(Lewis, 1981; S.W.P. Snyder et al., 1 982; Riggs et al., 1 982a).
Vibracore data and high-resolution seismic profiles of Fungo River
strata in Onslow Bay indicate a belt of phosphatic sediments extending
for 150 km across the continental shelf from Northern Onslow Bay
southwestward to the Frying Pan Area (Fig. 2). Studies of Fungo River
sedimentary sequences from Aurora and Onslow Bay have led to a model of
cyclic transgressive/regressive deposition controlled largely by global
eustatic sea-level fluctuations (Riggs et al., 1982b; Riggs, 1984).
Portions of the Fungo River Formation have been interpreted by way
of seismic stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, geochemistry, foraminiferal
paleoecology and biostratigraphy, sedimen to logy and petrology. My
study, as part of this larger phosphate research project, uses
foraminifera 1 assemblages to interpret paleoenvi ronments and
biostratigraphic age assignments of Fungo River sedimentary sequences
in Central Onslow Bay. The results, intergrated with seismic,
lithologic and similar paleoecological studies (Waters, 1983; Snyder et
al., 1982; Katrosh and Snyder, 1982; Riggs et al., 1982a; S.W.P.
Snyder, 1982; Lewis, 1981) provide more complete understanding of the
genesis, deposition and diagenesis of the Fungo River Formation.
Biostratigraphic age assignments permit depositional sequences to be
related to global eustatic sea-level fluctuations (Vail and Mitchum,
1 979; Vail et al, 1 977).
5
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC AND GEOGRAPHIC SETTING
Onslow Bay is a broad embayment along the southeastern continental
margin off North Carolina. The embayment is bordered by the elongate
sand bodies associated with the Cape Lookout High to the northeast and
Cape Fear to the southwest (Fig. 1). The shelf edge marks its eastern
boundary. Water depths grade from 6 m at the base of the lower
forebeach to about 50 ra at the shelf edge. Average water depths in
Onslow Bay are approximately 20-30 ra.
In Onslow Bay, Miocene Pungo River sediments unconformably overlie
light green, calcareous quartz sands of the lower Miocene/upper
Oligocène Silverdale Formation. Pleistocene carbonates or Holocene
surface sands, in turn, unconformably overlie the Pungo River Formation
(Lewis, 1981; Lewis et al., 1982).
The terrain of the adjacent North Carolina Coastal Plain has low
relief and elevation (0-15 m), and is predominantly swamps and pocosin
highlands. Mesozoic and Cenozoic subsurface sediments overlie a pre-
Cretaceous crystalline basement (Brown et al., 1972). These sediments
form a seaward thickening wedge which extends beneath the continental
shelf, grading eastward from 600 m to more than 3 km. Erosional
truncation has produced a series of subparallel Tertiary bands that
become younger in a seaward direction (Riggs et al., 1982a).
Deposition and erosion of the sediments have been controlled by
recurrent movement along the basement structures according to Miller
6
(1971), Brown et al. (1972) and Harris et al. (1979). Throughout
Neogene time, however, deposition and erosion of sediments have been
controlled by marine transgressive/regressive cycles, and seismic data
suggest minimal structural movement (S. W. P. Snyder, 1982; Riggs et
al., 1 982a).
7
METHODS OF STUDY
At present, 135 vibracores have been collected from Onslow Bay.
Twenty-eight cores (9 m maximum length) from Central Onslow Bay were
examined in detail (Fig. 2). Cores were selected by using lithologic
logs and seismic profiles of Onslow Bay (Lewis, 1981; Riggs et al.,
1982b; S.W.P. Snyder, 1982; S.W.P. Snyder et al., 1982) to ensure
complete sample coverage of seismic/stratigraphic sequences within the
study area.
Foraminifera! samples collected from cores at half meter Intervals
were soaked in a weak Calgon solution for approximately 24 hours. Each
sample was boiled for 20-30 minutes in a very dilute solution of
Quaternary "0" (alkyl imidazolinium chloride) to deflocculate the
residual clays, which were then removed by wet sieving. The sediment
was washed through U. S. Standard Sieves No. 14 (1.41 mm openings) and
No. 230 (63 mp openings) in order to concentrate the sand-sized
fraction. Washed samples were reduced to a workable size by using a
raicrosplitter. The entire split was used to describe both the
mineralogy and microfaunal assemblages.
After examining washed sediments from 28 cores, 41 samples from 15
cores were selected for detailed study of microfossils. Selection was
based on the presence of sufficient numbers of foraminlfers to yield
statistically reliable interpretations. Table 1 summ.arizes selected
samples and specifies types of analysis applied to each.
Fig. 2. Central Onslow Bay vibracore sites (after Riggs et al., 1985).
t
9
TABLE 1
SUMMARIZATION OF SAMPLE ANALYSES
O 2
2 — ce:
(•J b- C H
>-• u u. u.
<;
C 2 U 2 — 02
d. a w P
5 V) b- s: 2 -< C' a: 0- ? 2 s
^ \r. V) t/5 u c cc u. cn t/5
OB-Al '3.50-3.75 X AF-1 OB-92 4.00 X BBF-2
5.00-5.:5 X AF-1 5.50 X X BBF-2
.00-7.25 X AF-1 6.00 X X BBF-2
OB-iZ 1.25-1.50 X BBF-1 OB-94 1.00 X X BBF-1
3.00-3.25 X BBF-1 OB-99 5.00 X Y
4.50-4.75 X BBF-1 OB-103 1.00 X rpF-'^
6.00-6.25 X BBF-1 2.00 X FPF-2
6.50-6.75 X BBF-1 3.00 X FPF-2
ûB-;3 1.00-1.25 X X BBF-1 4.00 X FPF-2
2.00-2.25 X BBF-1 5.00 X X FPF-2
3.ÜÜ-3.25 X DBF-1 5.90 X X FPF-2
4.UU-4.25 X BÜF-1 un-105 1.50 X X X FPF-1
OB—4 1.75-2.00 X AF-1 4.50 X X X FPF-1
3.75-1.00 X AF-1 7.50 X X X FPF-1
5.50-5,75 X AF-1 9.10 X X X FPF-1
03-45 0.75-1.00 X X X FPF-6 OB-123 1.00 X P
3.00-3.25 X X X FPF-6 3.00 X FPF-2
4,75-5.00 X X X FPF-6 4.50 X FPF-2
OB-46 2.75-3.00 X FPF-5 6.70 X FPF-2
5.00-5.25 X FPF-5 on-125 1.50 Y
7,00-7.25 X FPF-5 4.50 Y
OB-48 25-1.50 X FPF-3 ? OB-126 1.00 S
2.25-2.50 X X X FPF-3 3.50 X X X
4.75-5.00 X X X FPF-3 5.00 X S
6.25-6.50 X FPF-3 7.00 X X X S
7.50-3,00 X FPF-3 03-127 3.50 FPF-1
OB-49 1.50-1.75 X FPF-2 4.50 X X FPF-1
3,50-3.75 X FPF-2 5.50 X X FPF-1
6.00-6.25 X FPF-2 7.00 X FPF-1
7.50-3. :)V X FPF-2 8.00 FPF-1
05-50 3.25-3.60 X X X FPF-6 OB-129 2.50 X X X FPF-3
^.^3-4.75 X FPF-6 4,00 X X X rPF-3
5.75-6.00 X FPF-6 5.50 X X FrF-3
03-51 3.00 X AF-1 7.00 X FPF-3
6.00 X AF-1 OB-130 1.00 FPF-1
OB-52 1.25-1.50 X P 3.00 X FPF-1
2.70-3.00 X P OB-131 3.00 X X X AF-3
3.75-4.00 X BBF-1 4.50 AF.3
OB-53 1.25-1.50 X X BBF-1 6.59 X X X AF-3
2.7 5-3.00 X X BBF-1 OB-132 1.50 X X FPF-1
3.30-3.50 X X BBF-1 2.00 X X FPF-1
4.75-5.00 X X BBF-1 2.50 X X FPF-1
5.25-5.50 X X BBF-1 3.50 X X FPF-1
6.25-6.50 X X BBF-1 4.10 X X FPF-1
03-54 2.25 X S
3.00 X S
3.50 X s LEGEND
OB-57 0.75-1.00 X FPF-6 Pungo River Formation P- Plelscocene/Holocene
3.25-3.50 X FPF-6 FPF-1 AF-1 S» Silverdale Formation
5.25-5.50 X FPF-5 FPF-2 AF-3 Y* Yorktown Formation
8.25-6.50 X FPF-5 FPF-.l BBF-l
OB-59 4.75-5,00 X X BBF-1 FPF-5 BBF-2
5.89-6.00 X X X BBF-1 FPF-6
6.75-7,00 X X B3F-1
7,80-8,20 X X X BBF-1
10
A picking tray divided into a systematic grid pattern was used to
count 100 randomly distributed sand-sized grains which were classified
according to biologic or minéralogie affinities. A basic compositional
description of the sand fraction in each sample is given in Appendix B.
The abundance of each grain type is expressed as a percentage of the
total washed sample. Detailed mineralogical analyses were not
performed because other studies (Lewis, 1981; Lewis et al., 1982; Riggs
et al., 1982a; Ellington, 1984; Mallette, in progress) provide a more
complete sedimentary framework of reference.
Benthic forarainifers (a minimum of 300 specimens/samp1e) were
selected at random, identified to species level and statisically
analyzed. Identification of 300 specimens from a larger assemblage
provides accuracy of ^5% for the estimated abundance of any given
species in a sample (Chang, 1967). In samples where 300 specimens
could not be retrieved, as many specimens as possible were identified,
but no statistical analyses were attempted.
Five faunal characteristics were determined for each statistically
reliable sample. All but the first one listed below were computed
using only the benthic foramlniferal assemblage.
1. P/B ratio (ratio of planktonic to benthic tests).
2. Relative abundance
The relative abundance of each species is expressed as
a percentage of the total benthic foraminifera 1
assemblage.
11
3. Species diversity
Diversity is expressed using the Shannon-Wiener
Information Function, which is largely independent of
sample size and occurences of rare species (Gibson and
Buzas, 1973; Sanders, 1968). The function is defined as:
H(S)=-^P| In P| where p^ is the portion of the total
population represented by species i, and H(S) is the
index of information which statistically characterizes
the assemblage. H(S) will equal zero where specimens
belong to one species. A low H(S) value suggests
stressed conditions to which few species can adapt. A
high H(S) value characterizes more stable environments
that are favorable to many species.
4. Equitability (the apportionment of individuals among taxa).
The ratio is defined by Buzas and Gibson ( 1969) as:
H r
E=e '' s ^'/Z where S is the number of species in a sample
and e is the base of the natural logarithms. E equals 1
when all species are equally distributed; a value less
than 1 measures how far the sample departs from
equitability.
5. Faunal predominance (the percentage of the most abundant
species in a given sample or assemblage).
This characteristic is directly proportional to
environmental variabilty and inversely proportional to
the variabilty of the fauna. An assemblage with high
predominance and low diversity values indicates stressed
conditions (e.g., marginal marine), while an assemblage
with low predominance and greater diversity values
suggests more environmentally stable conditions (e.g.,
offshore).
Summaries of benthic data obtained from each sample are presented in
Appendix A. P/B ratios for each sample are included in Appendix B.
Samples were also examined for planktonic species to be used for
biostratlgraphic interpretation. Where possible, 100-200 specimens
were examined, which usually required larger volumes of sediment than
the splits used for benthic analysis. Relative abundance of each
species was estimated and results were placed into four categories: 1)
rare, <3%; 2) few, 3-15%; 3) common, 15-30%; 4) abundant, >30%.
World-wide studies of Neogene foraminifers (Banner and Blow, 1965;
Blow, 1969 and 1979; Berggren and Van Couvering, 1974; Stainforth et
al., 1975; numerous Deep Sea Drilling Project reports) led to the
establishment of biostratlgraphic zonations that can be correlated with
European type sections. This allows for dependable correlation of
strata that are widely separated from type localities. Age assignments
of Central Onlsow Bay sediments are expressed in the standard
planktonic zonations of Blow (1969 and 1979).
13
PREVIOUS WORK
Phosphatic Miocene sediments of eastern North Carolina were
originally described by Brown (1958), who correlated them with the
middle Miocene Calvert Formation of Maryland. These sediments were
named the Pungo River Formation by Kimrey (1964) based on a type-
section well near Belhaven, North Carolina.
Numerous lithologic, paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic studies
have been conducted on coastal plain Pungo River sequences. Gibson
(1967) correlated the upper calcareous beds of the Pungo River
«
Formation with the Calvert Formation based on key foraminiferal and
molluscan species found at the mine of Texasgulf, Inc. near Aurora,
North Carolina. Gibson suggested that Pungo River sediments were
deposited in a northeast-southwest trending oceanic embayment between
the Norfolk Arch in southern Virginia and a positive feature in the
vicinity of New Bern, North Carolina. The latter is the same feature
mentioned by Riggs (1979), called the Castle Hayne Arch by Miller
(1971), and termed the Cape Lookout High by S.W.P. Snyder et al.
(1982). Gibson stated that foraminiferal evidence indicated the lower
phosphatic strata near Aurora accumulated in cool-temperate waters at
depths from 100-200 m, while the upper calcareous units were deposited
in waters less than 70 m. Leutze (1968) argued that the water depths
were shallower than those proposed by Gibson.
Miller (1971) studied the subsurface Pungo River Formation by
analyzing core data from the eastern North Carolina Coastal Plain.
14
Based on diagnostic foraminiferal species in down-basin phosphorites
and calcareous sands, he interpreted the entire formation as middle
Miocene. On the basis of the benthic foraminiferal fauna, he
suggested an open marine, normal salinity, shallow shelf environment of
deposition. Gibson (1982) refined the age assignments of the Calvert
and Pungo River Formations using planktonic and key benthic
foraminiferal species to extend portions of the ages of both formations
downward into late early Miocene time. Miller (1982) agreed with
Gibson and revised his original description of the depositional
environment from open marine to slightly restricted. Biostratigraphic
age assignments by Gibson (1983) indicate that Pungo River strata from
the vicinity of Norfolk, Virginia, to' south of the Neuse River in North
Carolina correlate with planktonic foraminiferal Zone N8 (Blow, 1969,
1979). Planktonic assemblages indicating Zone Nil were reported only
from northeastern North Carolina. According to Gibson, strata
belonging to planktonic foraminiferal Zones N9 and NIO have not yet
been recognized. He suggested that strata of this age may have been
deposited and subsequently eroded, but he did not formally propose
that a major unconformity exists within the formation.
Pungo River strata in the Aurora phosphate district comprise four
lithostratigraphic units (A through D) and their associated lateral
facies (Scarborough, 1981; Scarborough et al., 1982). Phosphate
content increases upward from units A through C, which appear to have
been deposited during a marine transgression. Unit D caps the
sequence, has a negligible amount of phosphate and is interpreted to
15
represent the initial phase of a marine regression.
Lithostratigraphic units A-C contain a similar vertical sequence of
sediments (si1ic1c1 astics, followed by phosphate, capped by
carbonate), and each is separated from adjacent beds by a minor
unconformity (Riggs et al., 1982a). Katrosh and Snyder (1982)
recognized two benthic foraminiferal assemblage zones within Fungo
River strata of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Their assemblage
zones 1 and 2 correspond respectively with the lower (units A and B)
and upper (units C and D) portions of the Fungo River section in the
Aurora phosphate district, and they suggested a depositionai
environment that progressed from inner to outer shelf conditions. The
lower units (A and B) are nearly devoid of planktonic foraminifera and
a blostratigraphic age assignment was not possible. However, diatom
assemblages described by Abbott and Ernisee (1983) indicate
chronostratigraphic equivalence to Blow Zones N8/N9. Unit C contains
planktonic foraminifera and was assigned to planktonic Zone N8/N9
(Katrosh and Snyder, 1982).
Fungo River phosphatic sediment-faunal relationships within the
Aurora Embayment were analyzed by Snyder et al. (1982). Distinct types
of phosphate accumulation characterized the lower (A and B) and upper
(C) units. Foraminiferal assemblages within units A and B suggest
upwelling-induced, high-nutrient conditions with phosphorite sediments
forming in the same area in which they are preserved. Unit C records
a marine transgression during which nutrient-rich marine waters were
replaced by more normal marine waters. Faunal assemblages suggest that
16
the phosphorites of unit C represent material reworked and transported
from more shoreward areas.
The Pungo River Formation has been traced offshore into Onslow Bay
(Lewis et al., 1982). Studies of Pungo River sediments near Aurora and
in Onlsow Bay have led to a proposed model of cyclic
transgressive/regressive deposition controlled by global eustatic sea-
level fluctuations (Riggs et al., 1982b; Riggs, 1984). Based on seismic
stratigraphy, S. W. P. Snyder et al. (1982) related the Pungo River
depositional control to regional paleotopography, high frequency sea-
level cyclicity and changes in Gulf Stream flow dynamics. Waters
(1983) stated that Pungo River strata from Southern Onslow Bay
accumulated in environments from middle shelf to upper slope.
Biostratlgraphic analyses Indicated an age of late early Miocene for
Pungo River sediments in Southern Onslow Bay (Zones N6 through early
N7) (Waters,1983; V/aters and Snyder, 1986). Based on planktonic
foraminiferal species, Snyder (per. coram., 1985) assigned a
biostratlgraphic age of late early through middle Miocene to Pungo
River sequences in Northern Onlsow Bay. Figure 3 demonstrates the
relationship of seismic sequences in Onslow Bay to planktonic
foraminiferal zones and to relative global sea-level.
•MCAfLtI
Fig. 3. Chart showing relationship of seismic sequences of Onslow Bay (modified from S.W.P.
Snyder, 1982) to planktonic foraminiferal zones and relative global sea-level (From Vail
and Mitchum, 1979).
18
LITHOLOGIC AND SEISMIC FRAMEWORK
Miocene Pungo River strata underlie the northeastern coastal plain
and southeastern continental shelf of North Carolina. Along this
continental margin, the Mid-Carolina Platform High (a broad, first-
order structural feature) controlled the regional distribution of
Miocene sediments. Interbedded sequences of nonphosphatic,
phosphatic and phosphorite sediments thicken eastward and southeastward
toward the shelf edge (Popenoe, 1985) where they are abruptly
truncated (Riggs et al., 1985). Riggs (1979, 1980, 1981 and 1984)
pointed out that phosphate deposition and distribution along the
southeastern U. S. continental margin is not continuous or uniform,
either laterally or vertically. A strong correlation exists between
phosphate accumulations and proximity to major structural and
paleo topograph!c features. Maximum accumulations of phosphate occurred
in shelf environments around the noses and flanks of paleotopographic
highs. According to Riggs (1984), phosphogenic episodes correspond to
three third-order sea level cycles on the Miocene second-order
transgressive cycle (Vail and Mitchum, 1979). During these third-order
episodes, smaller-scale fourth-order transgressive oscillations caused
topographically induced upwelling and phosphate production as the Gulf
Stream migrated westward onto paleobathymetric features. Regressions
corresponded to erosiona! events which separate depositional sequences.
Pungo River phosphatic sediments were deposited in two major
depocenters, the Aurora and Onslow Embayments (Fig. 1). The embayments
are separated by an east-west oriented, pre-Miocene, second-order
topographic feature designated the Cape Lookout High (S.W.P. Snyder,
1982; S.W.P. Snyder et al., 1 982) (Fig. 1). The erosiona! updip limit
of the Pungo River Formation coincides with a north-striking hingeline
(Brown et al., 1972) which marks the Aurora Embayment's western
boundary. The hingeline extends into northern and central Onslow Bay
where it forms a prominent scarp known as the White Oak Lineament
(S.W.P. Snyder, 1982). Sediments thicken abruptly to more than 25 m at
the scarp and dip eastward forming a complex series of erosionally
altered, clinoforra depositional sequences. Local variations in
thickness are due to the combined effects of erosion and underlying
paleotopographic irregularities (S.W.P. Snyder, 1982).
Based on high-resolution seismic stratigraphic analyses, S.W.P.
Snyder (1982) divided Pungo River strata in Onslow Bay into three
third-order seismic sequences which can be subdivided into at least 17
smaller, fourth-order sequences. The three third-order seismic
sequences are informally designated as the Frying Pan (FPF), Aurora
(AF) and Bogue Banks (BBF) sequences (Fig. 4).
The FPF sequence is of late early Miocene age (Burdigalian)
(Waters and Snyder, 1986). In the Frying Pan Area of Southern Onslow
Bay the FPF sequence unconformably overlies muddy, calcareous, fine-
grained quartz sands of Oligocène age (S.W.P. Snyder et al., 1982;
Waters, 1983). Studies of 1 i t hos t r a 11 graphy and biostratigraphy have
focused on the Miocene of the Frying Pan area due to the presence of
phosphate-rich sediments (Lewis, 1981; Riggs et al., 1982a, 1982b;
Fig. 4. Outcrop distribution of Miocene Pungo River
Formation in Onslow Bay (from Rigss et al., 19P5)
21
Riggs, 1984; Waters, 1983). Sediments occur in outcrop and shallow
subcrop throughout the area and dip towards the east and southeast.
S.W.P. Snyder (1982) divided the FPF sequence into six fourth-order
seismic sequences and designated them FPF-1 (oldest) through FPF-6
(youngest) (Fig. 4).
Maximum phosphate concentration in Onslow Bay occurs in the FPF
sequences, particularly in the Frying Pan Area. The lowermost FPF
sequences (FPF-1, FPF-2 and FPF-3) comprise muddy, foraminiferal,
phosphorite sands with varying amounts of quartz. Phosphatic sediment
content decreases upward through the FPF sequences. The FPF-2 and FPF-
3 sequences are slightly phosphatic, quartz-bearing foraminiferal muds.
The upper sequences (FPF-4, FPF-5 and FPF-6) are muddy quartz sands
with minor phosphate. The uppermost sequence (FPF-6) contains an
exceptionally rich and diverse foraminiferal fauna. The AF sequence,
which forms a north-south trending outcrop belt across Onslow Bay (Fig.
4), has been separated into four fourth-order seismic stratigraphic
sequences (AF-1 through AF-4) by S.W.P. Snyder (1982). The AF sequence
thickens abruptly across a prominent erosional scarp, infilling the
basin to the east and southeast. The sediments thin and pinch out
across the Cape Lookout High to the north (S.W.p. Snyder, 1982). The
AF sequence comprises calcareous, slightly phosphatic muds and quartz
sands with horizons of bioclastic hash. The BBF sequence has been
divided into six fourth-order seismic sequences (BBF-1 through BBF-6)
by S.W.P. Snyder (1982). 3BF sequences crop out in the eastern portion
of Onslow Bay (Fig. 4) where they form a wide north-south striking
22
outcrop belt (S.W.P. Snyder, 1982). Sediments of the BBF sequence are
lithologically variable: portions contain abundant phosphate and
diatoraaceous intervals, while intervening strata are largely clean
quartz sands. This area has not been as extensively studied as the FPF
sequence due to its lower concentrations of phosphate.
23
PLANKTONIC FORAIÍINIFERA
Planktonic foraminifera occur throughout the Pungo River section
in Central Onslow Bay. Standard planktonic foraminiferal zonations
(Blow, 1969, 1979; Berggren and Van Couvering, 1974; StainEorth et al.,
1975) are based on the first and last appearances of stratigraphically
restricted species that characterize tropical-subtropical, low latitude
faunas. Few of these stratigraphically restricted species occur in
Pungo River sediments of Central Onslow Bay, where most taxa are cool-
temperate, cosmopolitan species. Vihere primary indicator species are
not present, standard zonal boundaries can be approximated using the
first and last appearances of secondary indicator species. In this
report, planktonic foraminlferal assemblages are related to the zonal
scheme of Blow (1969, 1979), with modifications based on Stainforth et
al. ( 1 97 5). Accepted ranges for bi ostratigraphically useful species
found in Central Onslow Bay are illustrated in Figure 5. Occurrences
of all planktonic species in each sample are presented in Appendix C.
FPF Sequence
The FPF sequence is assigned to planktonic Zones N6 through early
N7 (late Burdigalian) based on the first or last appearance data (FAD
or LAD) of several secondary indicator species. The base of N6 is
approximated by the FAD (Stainforth et al., 1975) of Globigerinoides
quadri lobatus triloba (Reuss), Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda Blow
?.A
———PLANKTONIC ZONES •D -D TJ
PO ro
SPECIES O , N3
GLOBOROTALIA SIAKENSIS
I I I I
GLOBIGERINITA UVULA c::
GLOBIGERINITA GLUTINATA EiSn
GLOBOOUAORINA 6 AROEMOE NENSIS
I ' l’ i I I I
GLOBOROTALIA OBESA
I I
GLOeOQUADRINA ALTISPiRA CLOSOSA ; ESS:
I I I I
CLOfilGERINA WOOD!
GLOBIGERINA TRIPARTITA
GLOBOROTALIA OPIMA NANA i<™ 3Z3
I
GL06IGERIN0IDES QUAORILOBATUS PRIMOROlUS P
GLOBIGERINA JUVENILIS
GLOBOOUAORINA OEHISCENS m
I I
GLOBOOUAORINA ALTISPIRA ALTISPIRA ! b
I I
CLOBIGERINOIOES QUAORILOBATUS SACCULIFER
GLOBIGERINOIOES 06LIOUUS 08LI0UUS
CLOBIGERINOIOES QUAORILOBATUS TRILOBA
GLOBOROTALIA FOHSI PERIPMERORONOA
CATAPSrORAX OISSIMILfS
CATAPSYORAX UNICAVUS
GLOBOROTALIA 8IRNAGEAE ! I I
OLOeiGERINOIOES OUADRILOBATUS PRAEIMMATURUS
GLOBIGERINA PSEUOOCIPEROENSIS
GLOBIGERINOIOES SUeOUAORATUS
I I
GLOBOOUAORINA LARMEUI LARMEUI
GLOBIGERINOIOES QUAORILOBATUS ALTIAPERTURA m
CATAPSYORAX 8TAINEORTHI
CLOBIGERINOIOES SICANUS PRAESICANUS
•
GLOBIGERINOIOES StCANUS SICANUS
ORBULINA UNIVERSA
CASSIGERINELLA CHIPOLENSiS
- 1 1 ; 1 1 1 lili 1 1 1
^
GLOBIGERINA ANGUSTIUMBILICATA
' '1 ‘ lili 11'!^
GLOBIGERINA PRAEBULLOIOES
1^1 lili 1 ,1 J„1
GLOBIGERINA VENEZUELANA
Fig. 5. Stratigraphic ranges of planktonic foraminiferal species from
Central Onslow Bay (data from Blow, 1969, 1979; Bronnimann and
Resig, 1971; Stainfortli et al., 1975; Poore, 1978).
25
and Banner, Globorotalia birnageae Blow, Globtgerlnoides quadrtlobatus
praelmmaturus Bronnimann and Resig, Globlgertnotdes subquadratus
Brbnnlmann, and Globoquadrlna larmeul larmeui Akers. Keller (1981)
suggested that Gj^ subquadratus evolved as early as Zone NA.
Globlgertna pseudoctperoensls Blow, thought to first appear within Zone
N7, appears first with Zone N6 faunal elements In Central Onslow Bay.
According to Blow (1969, 1979), the stratigraphic range of Gj_
pseudoclperpensis has not been fully evaluated.
The N6/N7 zonal boundary Is approximated by the LAD of
Globlgerlnoldes quadrllobatus altlapertura Bolll and Catapsydrax
unlcavus Bolll, Loebllch, and Tappan (Stalnforth et al., 1975). The
LAD of Catapsydrax stalnforthl Bolll, Loebllch, and Tappan and
Catapsydrax dlsslmllls (Cushman and Bermudez) also coincide with this
boundary, but specimens of these species are rare In Fungo River
sediments. The FAD of Globlgerlnoldes slcanus praeslcanus Bronnimann
and Resig (affine form) approximates the base of Zone N7. This species
was first described from sediments In the southwestern Pacific and
ranges from Zone N7 through N8 (Brbnnlmann and Resig, 1971).
Globlgerlna tripartita Koch and Globlgerlna opima nana Bolll, both
rare In the FPF sequence, suggest reworking of older sediments. The
occurrence of these species Is typical of Ollgocene age material, but
they have occasionally been reported from the early Miocene (Stalnforth
et al., 1975; Blow, 1969, 1979). Globlgerlnoldes quadrllobatus
prlmordlus Blow and Banner occurs with Zone N6 faunal elements In
central Onlsow Bay. According to Blow (1969, 1979), the stratigraphic
26
range of G. g. prlmordtus extends upward from the base of Zone N4 to
early N5. In the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, this species first
appears near the base of Zone N3. Stalnforth et al. (1975) suggest the
FAD cannot be rigidly defined. Apparently, the LAD Is also of
questionable blostratlgraphlc significance.
Figure 6 Illustrates the abundance of diagnostic planktonic
species along with associated longer ranging forms within Pungo River
deposltlonal sequences. Table 2 summarizes the blostratlgraphlc age
assignments of Central Onslow Bay. Units FPF-1 through FPF-3 are
assigned to Zone N6. The N6/N7 zonal boundary Is placed within the
lower portion of the FPF-6 sequence based on the first appearance of
Globlgerlnoldes slcanus praeslcanus, and Its co-occurrence with rare
specimens of Catapsydrax dlsslmllls and Catapsydrax unlcavus. Seismic
sequences FPF—A and FPF-5 were devoid of foramlnlfera and a
blostratlgraphlc age assignment was not possible. If the FPF sequences
are compared to coastal offlap/onlap curves (Vail et al., 1977; Vail
and Mltchum, 1979), Individual deposltlonal sequences correspond to
fourth- or higher order cycles within the third-order TM l.A Miocene
transgression (Fig. 3).
AF Sequence
The N8/N9 zonal boundary Is recognized by the LAD of
Globlgerlnoldes slcanus praeslcanus and the FAD of Orbullna universa
d'Orblgny, a primary Indicator species of Zone N9. The first
appearance of 0. universa defines a worldwide datum which coincides
with the beginning of the middle Miocene (Stalnforth et al., 1975)
27
-- - -- -
?
—
__ SEISMIC SEQUENCE
FPF - 1 FPF-2 FPF-3 FPF-6 AF-3 B8F-1 BBF-2
SPECIES
1
CASSIQERINELLA CHIPOtENSIS ^ i
CATAPSYDRAX OISStMILIS « I
CATAPSYORAX 8TAJNFORTHI R
CATAPSYDRAX UNICAVUS R R R
QLOeiQERINA ANOUSTIUMBILICATA R
QLOBIQERtNA JUVENILtS R
<3LOBIQERINA PR AEBULLOlOES C F F F C
QLOBIQERtNA PSEUOOCIPEROEHSIS R R
QLOBIQERiNA TRIPARTITA R R R
QLOeiQERINA VENEZUELANA C F F R F
QLOBIQERINA WOOD! R R R
QLOBIQERINITA QLUTINATA F R R
QLOBIQERINITA UVULA F R R
QLOBIQERINOIOES 0BL10UUS OBLIOUUS F F
QLOBIQERINOtOES QUAORILOBATUS ALTIAPERTURA F F F
QLOBIQERINOIOES OUAORILOB ATUS PRAEIMMATURUS R R R R
QLOeiOERINOIOES OUAORILOB ATUS PRIMORDtUS F F R
QLOBIQERINOIOES QUADRILOBATUS SACCULIPER F F F F
QLOBIQERINOIOES QUADRILOBATUS TRILOBA C A C A C
QLOBIQERINOtOES SIC ANUS PRAESICANUS R F R
QLOBIQERINOIOES 8ICANUS 8ICANU8 R
QLOBIQERINOIOES 8U6QU ADRATUS R F R C C
QL0600UA0RINA ALTISPIRA ALTlSPIRA R
QLOBOQUAORINA ALTISPIRA QLOBOSA F F F F F
QLOBOOUAORINA BAROEMOENENSI8 F F R R R
QLOBOQUAORINA 0EHI8CENS F F R R
QLOBOOUAORINA LARMEUI LARMEUI R F R R R
QLOBOROTALIA 6IRNAQEAE R
QLOBOROTALIA FOH8I PERIPHERORONOA C F F F R
QLOBOROTALIA OBESA F F F R
QLOBOROTALIA OPIMA NANA R R
QLOBOROTALIA 8IAKEN8I8 F F F F R
OR6ULINA UNIVERSA R
PLANKTONIC ZONE ASSIGNMENT N6 N7 N8/ Nfl Nil- N 1 4
Fig. 6, Occurrences of planktonic foraminifera 1 species and
biostratigraphic age assignments, Pungo River For-
mation, Central Onslow liay. Average abundance of
species: R= less than 3%, F= 3 to 10%, C= 11 to 30%,
and A-= more than 30% of the total planktonic foram-
iniferal assemblage.
28
TA*L£ 2
SUmAtT OP ItOKTlATICXA/MIC *a UliaOCXTf
3
c ¡
m <-> c r
E E 5
r " p "
*j * ü T
? -8 s - • u Ü e
Í \ hi c ? ÍÚ« M i 1
}.50-).73 47-1 Ot-St 4.73-3.00 U7-1
S.0^3.23 47-1 3.43-4.00 U7-1 *11-014
7.00-7.23 47-1 4.73-7.00 •17-1 R11-M14
00-Í2 1.23-1.30 117-1 7.40-4.20 U7-1
3.00-3.23 U7-1 00-32 4.00 U7-2
4.30-4.73 117-1 3.30 U7-2
«.0»>4.23 U7-1 4.00 U7-2
0.3»-«.73 M7-1 00-34 1.00 ur-i
01-43 1.00-1.23 UP-l 00-33 3.00 t
2.00-2.23 U7-1 00-103 1.00 777-2
3.00-3.23 U7-1 2.00 777-2
4.00-4.23 U7-1 1.00 777-2
«-44 1.73-2.00 4f-l 4.00 777-2
3.73-4.00 47-1 3.00 777-2
3.30-3.73 47-1 3.30 777-2
00-43 0.73-1.00 777-4 «4/irT 00-103 1.30 777-1 04*
3.00-3.33 777-4 04/07 4.30 777-1 *4*
4.73-3.00 777-4 04/17 7.30 777-1 *4*
00-44 2.73-3.00 777-3 3.10 777-1 ?4*
3.00-3.23 777-3 00-123 1.00 7
7.00-7.23 777-3 3.00 777-2
00-44 1.33-1.30 777-3 4.30 777-2
2.23-2.30 777-3 04 4.70 777-2
4.73-3.00 777-3 04 00-123 1.30 T
4.23-4.30 777-3 4.30 T
7.30-1.00 777-3 00-124 1.00 1
0»-4t 1.30-1.75 7T7-2 3.30 f
3.30-1.73 777-2 3.00 t
4.00-4.23 P77-2 7.00 t
7.50-4.00 777-2 00-137 3.30 777-1
04-30 3.23-3.40 PT7-4 I4« 4.30 777-1
4.-3-4.73 777-4 3.30 777-1
3.73-4.00 777-4 7.00 777-1
00*31 3.00 47-1 1.00 777*1
4.00 47-1 00-123 2.30 777-3 •4
04-32 1.23-1.34 7 4.00 777-3 M
2.70-1.00 3.30 777-3
3.73-4.00 117-1 7.00 777-3
00-33 1.23-1.30 U7-t 00-130 1.00 777-1
2.73-3.00 117-t 3.00 777-1
3.3&-3.30 II7-1 00-131 3.00 47-3 00/03
4.73-3.00 U7-1 4.34 47-3
3.23-3.30 •47-1 4.33 47-3 m/m
4.23-4.M Mf-l 0O-U2 1.30 777-1 00*
00-34 2.23 2.00 777-1 00
3.00 2.30 777-1 04
3.34 3.30 777-1 04
00-37 0.73-1.00 777-4 4.10 777-1 04
3.23-1.30 777-4
3.U-S.50 777-3
4.3S<4.30 777-3
1m*1 t^Uci—«liif
Lccno
. :
M « S«rr««MUlM
zt S* tllv«r4alx foraatlox
X IC y T«rkt«w« PorMClM
y ?l«Uc«c«n«
*• fr«a«Kc mi «l^ar MC«rUl«
<lAfc« 0lt4xcM» ••rltxac HlAcanaf
lurrfllkliaa
23
Only the AF-3 sequence contained sufficient planktonic
foraminifera to permit an age assignment. It is assigned to planktonic
foraminiferal Zone N9 (Langhian) based on: 1) the disappearance of
diagnostic early Miocene taxa such as Globigerinoides quadrilobatus
altiapertura, Globigerinoides quadrilobatus primordios, Catapsydrax
dissimilis, Catapsydrax stainforthi, Catapsydrax unicavus; 2) the
transition from Globigerinoides sicanus praesicanus to Globigerinoides
sicanus sicanus de Stephani; 3) and the appearance of rare specimens of
Orbulina universa. Zone N8 may be represented by sequences AF-1 and
AF-2, but planktonic foraminiferal evidence is inconclusive. The AF
sequences appear to correlate to the fourth-order TM 2.1 Miocene
transgression of coastal offlap/onlap curves (Fig. 3) (Vail et al.,
1977; Vail and Mitchum, 1979).
BBF Sequence
The zonal assignment of the BBF sequence cannot be as accurately
approximated as the previous sequences. Stratigraphic ranges of the
planktonic foraminiferal species in the BBF sequence in Central Onslow
Bay are too long to be biostratigraphically diagnostic (Fig. 5). Data
from northern Onslow Bay suggest an age of Zone N11-N14 (Serravallian)
(Snyder, pers. comm., 1985). This age assignment is based on the co-
occurrence of Globigerinoides bollii Blow and Globorotalia siakensis
Leroy. The Globigerinoides sicanus complex, seen previously in the AF
sequence, is no longer present in the BBF sequence. The BBF sequences
are presumed to correlate with the fourth-order TM 2.2 Miocene
transgression of the coastal offlap/onlap curves of Vail et al. (1977)
and Vail and Mitchum ( 1979) (Fig. 3).
31
BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA
Fungo River seismic sequences in Central Onslow Bay contain
moderately diverse benthic foraminiferal assemblages (Fig. 7). Mean
values of species diversity, expressed as H(S), within individual
sequences range from 0.34 to 2.37; the average relative abundance of
predominant species ranges from 19% to 93% of the fauna. Mean
equitability values range from 0.20 to 0.46. Relative abundances of
all benthic species in each sample are presented in Appendix C.
FPF-1 Sequence
Buliminella elegantissima d'Orbigny predominates in 62% of samples
from this sequence. The most abundant secondary species include
Bolivina paula Cushman and Cahill, Valvulineria fleridana Cushman and
Epistominella danvillensis Howe and Wallace, each of which predominates
in a few samples (Fig. 7). Species of lesser abundance and frequency
of occurrence include Bulimina e1 on ga t a d'Orbigny, Bolivina
calvertensis Dorsey, Florilus grateloupi (d'Orbigny), Florilus
pizzarensis (Berry), Hanzawaia concéntrica (Cushman) and Cibicides
americanus (Cushman) (Fig. 8). Bulim.inella cf. brevior Cushman,
which generally occurs sporadically and in minor amounts, increases and
becomes prominent in one sample from this sequence. These species are
present throughout the Central Onslow Bay Fungo River section; and most
have been reported from Southern Onslow Bay (Waters, 1983) and the
SEISHIC SPECIES SPECIES P/i RELATIVE ABUNDANCE PREDOMINANT PERCENTAGE OF SAMPLES PREDOMINANT SPECIES
SEQUENCE COUNT DIVERSITY EQUITABILITY RATIO OF SPECIES IN WHICH THIS SPECIES IN
H(S) E PREDOMINANT SPECIES PREDOMINATES REMAINING SAMPLES
Mmq Kang* Mmd RAnge Me«n Range Mean Range Mean Range
0.21 O.IB 1/101 90.8
BBF-2 7.5 6-9 0.34 to 0.20 to 1/204 to 93.0 to © 100
0.A7 0.21 1/307 96.1
0.79 0.21 1/4 0.3
BBF-1 U.6 11-22 1.38 to 0.29 to 1/70.6 to A2.6 to © 77 © .nd ©
2.15 0.39 1/306 71.5
1.60 0.31 1/4 AO.O
AF-3 17.5 16-19 1.80 to 0.35 to 1/7 to 48.7 to © 100
1.99 0.38 1/10 57.3
1.99 0.33 1/2 11.0
FPF-6 19.6 15-23 2.01 to 0.39 to 1/7.5 to 26.9 to © 75 ©
2.04 0.49 1/20 32.8
2.13 O.AA 1/1 11.0
FPF-3 20.1 19-24 2.22 to 0.A6 to 1/3.6 to 21.A to © 60 @ and ©
2.38 0.A8 1/6 28.7
1.76 0.3A 1/17 22.0
FPF-2 16.5 16-17 1.81 to 0.37 to 1/28 to 33.8 to © and ® 50 and 50
1.85 0.40 1/77 A5.6
2.08 0.41 1/1 2.0 0 ©
FPF-1 25.3 21-30 2.37 to 0.A4
62
to 1/2.3 to 18.6 to ©
2.66 0.49 1/9 32.6 -s©
Q - Bollvlu p«ul» (3) ? ValvulluerU florldan» © - Clblclde» florld»nu«
@ - Bullilnau © - Clblcld»» ««rlcanua © - Eplatonlnella danvlllen.l.
N3
Fig. 7. Benthic foraminiferal faunal characteristics, Fungo River Fornatlon, Central Onslow Bay
Fig. 8. Mean relative abundance of the r.iost important benthic foraminiferal species, Pungo
River Formation, Central Onslow Bay.
U)
OJ
Fig. 8. (cont.) Mean relative abundance of the most important benthic
foraminiferal species, Pungo River Formation, Central
Onslow Bay. OJ
-p'
35
Aurora district (Katrosh, 1981; Katrosh and Snyder, 1982; Miller, 1982;
Gibson, 1983).
Rare species which are restricted to FPF-1 include Baggina sp.,
Fissurina lucida (Williamson), Globulina gibba d'Orbigny, Lagena cf.
palmerae McLean, Lagena pseudosulcata McLean, Melonls sp., Polina
hexagona (Williamson), Pseudopolymorphina rutila (Cushman),
Spi roplectammina mississlppiensis (Cushman) and Stilostomella recta
(Palmer and Burmudez). Waters (1983) reported most of these species
from FPF-1 in southern Onslow Bay.
Benthic foramintfers are generally abundant and moderately well
preserved in sequence FPF-1. Minor recrystallization and dissolution
that produces pitting of test walls are common. Sequence FPF-1 has
high species diversity values, averaging 2.37 and ranging from 2.08
to 2.66. The relative abundance of the predominant species averages
18.6%. Planktonic foraminifers are frequent, with a mean P/B ratio of
1/2.3.
FPF-2 Sequence
Only one core from this sequence yielded a sufficient number of
specimens for analyses. The following general characteristics should
therefore be considered tentative. Predominant species include
Bolivina paula and Valvulineria fleridana (Fig. 7). Bulimlnella
elegantissima is the most common secondary species (Fig. 8). Faunal
assemblages of FPF-2 have markedly fewer species chan those of FPF-1,
largely because many rare species and some secondary species found in
t
36
FPF-1 are not present In FPF-2. There are no species that are
restricted to sequence FPF-2.
Foraminifers are generally less abundant in FPF-2. Preservation
is poor and many specimens have been altered by recrystallization
and/or partial dissolution. Species diversity values average 1.81 and
range from 1.76 to 1.85. The mean relative abundance of the
predominant species is 33.8%. The average P/B ratio is 1/28.
FPF-3 Sequence
Bolivina paula predominates in 60% of samples from this sequence.
Cibicides americanus (Cushman) and Valvulineria fleridana predominate
in the remainder of the samples (Tig. 7). Faunal assemblages of
sequence FPF-3 are in some ways similar to those of FPF-1 and FPF-2.
Many of the rare species found in FPF-1 are also present in FPF-3.
Relative abundance patterns of predominant species are more similar to
those of FPF-2. Some secondary species, such as Bull minella
elegantissima, Florilus pizzarensis, Bull mina elonga ta and Bolivina
calvertensis (Fig. 8), decrease in relative abundance. Other secondary
species, such as Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob) and Hanzawaia
concéntrica, become more prominent in this sequence than in FPF-2
(Fig. 8). Only one rare form, Astacolis sp., is restricted to this
sequence•
^oraminifera 1 preservation is poor to moderate and
recrystallization of test walls is common. Species diversity values,
averaging 2.22 and ranging up to 2.38, are slightly higher than those
37
of unit FPF-2. Planictonic foraminifers are more abundant in sequence
FPF-3, with a mean P/B ratio of 1/3.6.
FPF-6 Sequence
The association of predominant species in FPP-6 is similar to
that in FPF-2. Bolivina paula predominates in 75% of the samples and
Valvulineria floridana predominates in the remainder (Fig. 7).
Abundant secondary species include Buliminella elegantissima, Cibicides
americanus, Florilus pizzarens1s and Cibicides lobatulus. Two forms
which occuj: only in this sequence are Rosalina globularia d'Orbigny and
Guttulina sp. Many of the rare forms found in FPF-1 and FPF-3 are
absent in FPF-6.
Benthic foraminifers are generally abundant and well preserved.
The mean relative abundance of the predominant species is 27%. Species
diversity values average 2.01 and range from 1.99 to 2.04. ?/B ratios
range from 1/20 to 1/2 and average I/'/.5.
AF-3 Sequence
Only one core from sequence AF-3 contained a sufficient number of
specimens for analyses, so general statements must be considered
tentative. Cibicides americanos predominates in all samples from this
sequence (Fig. 7). With the exception of Valvulineria floridana and
Cibicides lobatulus, secondary species decrease in relative abundance
(Fig. 8). No species are restricted to this sequence.
38
Preservation of benthic foraminifers is generally poor; most
specimens are altered by recrystallization. Species diversity averages
1.80 and ranges up to 1.99. The mean relative abundance of the
predominant species is 49%. Planktonic foraminifers are frequent, with
P/B ratios averaging 1/7.
3BF-1 Sequence
Bolivina paula predominates in 77% of samples from this sequence.
Cibicides floridanus and Valvulineria fleridana predominate in the
remaining samples (Fig. 7). Many secondary species that were important
in previous sequences decrease abruptly in relative abundance in
sequence BBF-1. Cibicides americanus, Cibicides lobatulus and
Valvulineria floridana decrease in abundance, whereas Buliminella
elegantissima and Florilus pizzarensis Increase in abundance (Fig. 8).
Faunal assemblages in portions of BBF-1 are very similar to those found
in FPF-1 and FPF-3. Only two rare forms, Lagena cf. laevis
(Montagu) and Nodosaria sp. are restricted to this sequence.
Benthic foraminifers are generally abundant and well preserved in
sequence BBF-1. Species diversity values average 1.38 and range from
0.79 to 2.15. The mean relative abundance of the predominant species
is 43%. Planktonic foraminifers are scarce, with P/B ratios averaging
1/70.6.
BBF-2 Sequence
The foraminiferal assemblages in sequence BBF-2 are distinguished
39
from those of previous sequences by the predominance of Bolivina paula
in all samples (Fig. 7). The abundance of many secondary species
declines sharply and many are absent from this sequence. No species is
restricted to BBF-2. However, only one core was available from this
sequence, so general statements are tentative.
Although foraminifers are not very abundant, they are moderately
well preserved. Species diversity values are lower in this unit than
in previous units. The mean diversity value is 0.34 and it ranges only
up to 0.47. The mean relative abundance of the predominant species is
93%. Planktonic foraminifers are rare, with P/B ratios averaging
1/204.
40
PALEOECOLOGY
Three benthic foraminiferal associations can be distinguished
within the Miocene Pungo River sediments of Central Onslow Bay. The
foraminiferal assemblages vary with sediment type through each seismic
sequence. Fauna 1, an assemblage associated with phosphate-enriched
sands, is predominated by species of Buliminella and Bolivina, while
species of Bulimina and Uvigerina are consistently present but less
abundant. Fauna 2 characterizes clean, quartzitic sands and contains
abundant Valvultneria floridana, Hanzawaia concéntrica, and Cibtcides
spp. Fauna 3, associated with muddy sands, contains increased numbers
of Florilus spp., Siphogenerina spp., and Nonione1la miocenica. It
remains secondary in abundance and is usually most important where
Fauna 1 is predominant.
The ratio of Fauna 1 specimens to those of Fauna 2 is informative
when compared to the percent of phosphate found in the sedim.ent. A low
ratio generally corresponds to a low percentage of phosphate, whereas a
high ratio corresponds to a high percentage of phosphate in the
sediment. Figure 9 summarizes Fauna 1/Fauna 2 ratios to percentage of
phosphate in samples from Central Onslow Bay.
Environmental Characteristics of Key Benthic Foraminifera
Buliminella elegantissima, the most abundant species in FPF-1, is
41
Z
o
ü 40 -
<
(T
Q
Z
<
CO
Z
30 -
LU
2
O
LU
CO
ü
<
I
û.
CO
O
I
û.
Z
tu 10 -
ü
cr
tu
Q.
0 X I I I “I 1
5 10 15 20 25 30
RATIO OF FAUNA 1 TO FAUNA 2
Fig. 9. Summarization of Fauna 1 to Fauna 2 ratios vs. percentage of
phosphatic sediment, Pungo River Formation, Central Onslow
Bay.
42
most common along the modern inner and middle shelf of the Atlantic and
Gulf of Mexico, where it is limited to depths less than 200 m (Culver
and Buzas, 1980, 1981). According to Poag (1981), ^ elegantissi ma is
common along the inner and middle shelf of the western and southern
Gulf of Mexico. On the inner continental shelf along the eastern side
of the Mississippi Delta, B. elegantissima comprises more than 20
percent of the modern benthic population in water depths of 12 to 60 m
(Walton, 1964). Schnitker (1971) recorded small numbers of this
species from nearshore environments of the Atlantic continental shelf.
Although it occurs in small numbers along many modern continental
shelves, elegantissima becomes abundant in sediments that are high
in organic carbon, such as those along portions the Caribbean shelf
(Selglie, 1968) and in sewage outfall areas along the California coast
(Bandy et al., 1964a, 1964b, 1965). Bull minella elegantissima is
predominant in the lower Pungo River section of the North Carolina
Coastal Plain (Katrosh, 1981; Katrosh and Snyder, 1982).
Bolivina paula predominates in a many samples in Central Onslow
Bay and species of Bolivina are present throughout the Pungo River
section. Bolivina paula is common in Southern Onslow Bay (Waters,
1983) and in the Aurora area (Katrosh, 1981; Katrosh and Snyder, 1982).
Culver and Buzas (1980) recorded B. paula across the Atlantic
continental shelf from Cape Hatteras to Florida at depths less than 200
m. Bolivinid enrichment in modern environments has been associated
with high-nutrient, low-oxygen conditions. Large populations of
bolivinids have been reported from oxygen minimum zones in the Pacific
43
Ocean (Phleger and Soutar, 1973). In the Gulf of Mexico, there is a
Bolivina predominance facies encircling the Gulf along the outer shelf
and upper slope, which is also circumscribed by an oxygen minimum zone
(Poag, 1983). Within the Bolivina predominance facies, increasing
bolivinid enrichment is attributed to high organic productivity and
reduction of dissolved oxygen. A modern assemblage predominated by
bolivinids was described by Sen Gupta et al. (1981) and Sen Gupta and
Strichert (1982) in sediments with a high clay-silt, organic carbon and
hydrocarbon content from the northern Florida continental shelf.
Anomalously high formaminiferal densities in this area were attributed
to periodic upwelllng produced by meandering of the Gulf Stream onto
the continental shelf.
Bulimina elongata, though never predominant, is an important
accessory species in FPF-1. A Bulimina generic predominance facies
characterizes the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico (Walton,
1964; Poag, 1981). According to Schnitker (1971), Bulimina spp. attain
their greatest abundance at depths below 80 m on the continental slope
off the coast of North Carolina. Bulimina is also abundant in low-
oxygen, nearshore continental shelf areas. Phleger and Soutar (1973)
reported an abundance of Bulimina spp. in shallow oxygen minimum zones
in the Santa Barbara Basin and off the continental shelf of Baja,
California.
Florilus pi zzarensis and Florilus grateloupi are most
characteristic of the Fauna 3 assemblage. The genus Florilus is rare
along the modern Atlantic continental shelf (Culver and Buzas, 1980),
44
though Schnither (1971) found it to be a common faunal constituent
across the shelf and upper slope of North Carolina. Florilus spp. are
recorded from slope and abyssal depths in the Gulf of Mexico (Culver
and Buzas, 1981). The association of bolivinids and Florilus has been
related with high percentages of organic carbon in modern sediments
(Seiglie, 1968; Phleger and Soutar, 1973).
An important species of the Fauna 2 assemblage is Valvulineria
floridana, an extinct form that occurs in Neogene deposits of the
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. According to Smith (1968),
Valvulineria spp. indicate bathyal depths of 300-600 m. Valvulineria
spp. occur across the continental shelf from Cape Harteras to Cape Cod
and are most typical of depths greater than 200 m (Culver and Buzas,
1980). Schnitker (1971) recorded species of Valvulineria in mid-shelf
to shelf-edge environments. In the Gulf of Mexico, Valvulineria spp.
occur at depths of 50-2000 m (Culver and Buzas, 1981).
Another important species in the Fauna 2 assemblage is Hanzawaia
concéntrica. Though not a predominant species, concéntrica occurs
in modest numbers throughout the Pungo River sequences. In modern
environments, this species occurs across the Atlantic continental shelf
from Florida to Cape Cod at depths reaching 200 ra (Culver and Buzas,
1980). Hanzawaia concéntrica reaches its greatest abundance (>15%)
on the middle continental shelf off the coast of North Carolina.
According to Schnitker (1971), frequencies of greater than 10% are
indicative of m.iddle shelf environments. Walton (1964) reported
similar abundances of H. concéntrica at depths less than 60 m in the
45
northeastern Gulf of Mexico. This species extends down to depths of
1000 m in the Gulf of Mexico, but most occurrences lie on the shelf
(Culver and Buzas, 1981). Throughout the Gulf of Mexico,
concentrica i s common in moderate to large numbers on the inner and
middle shelf (Poag, 1981).
Epis tominella danviliensis, though generally rare, occurs in
modest numbers in the FPF sequence. Epistoninella danvillensis has been
recorded from Miocene and Pliocene strata of the Central Atlantic
Coastal Plain (Gibson, 1983). Katrosh (1981) described ^
danvillensis as rare but persistent throughout the Pungo River and
Yorktown sections from the North Carolina Coastal Plain. In Southern
Onslow Bay, Waters (1983) reported E. danvillensis as rare in Pungo
River sediments. An Epistominella generic predominance facies occurs
in the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi Delta (Poag, 1981;
Walton, 1964).
Cibicides americanus, an extinct form and Cibicides lobatulus,
which is extant are important components of the Fauna 2 assemblage.
Cibicides lobatulus is common across the modern central and northern
Atlantic continental shelf. It occurs from Cape Hatteras to
Newfoundland at depths less than 200 m, but occasionally is reported at
slope depths (Culver and Buzas, 1980). The distribution of C_^
lobatulus may be more strongly influenced by sediment type than by
water depth. Cibicides lobatulus is a wide-spread attaching form which
is generally restricted to firm substrates (Beem, 1973)
46
Paleoecological Interpretations
FPF-1 Sequence
The FPF-1 sequence is generally predominated by the Fauna 1
benthic foraminiferal assemblage (Fig. 10), particularly by Buliminella
elegantissima, the most abundant species in FPF-1. Bolivina paula
predominates in a few samples from FPF-1 and species of Bolivina are
present throughout the Pungo River section. Bulimina elongate is an
important accessory species in the FPF-1 sequence. Species of Fauna 2
(Valvulineria floridana and Hanzawaia concéntrica), while not
predominant, are common. Epistominella danvillensis, though generally
rare, predominates in two samples from_ FPF-1. The association of these
foraminifers, along with common occurrences of Florilus pizzarensis
and Florilus grateloupi in slightly phosphatic sediments suggests an
environment of modest nutrient enrichment, perhaps not far removed from
upwelling conditions. Moderate diversity values, moderate values of
faunal predominance, the abundance of planktonic specimens (Fig. 7)
and the modern distributional patterns of key species indicate
deposition on the middle to outer continental shelf. In FPF-l, the
percentage of phosphate in the sediment is rather low (Fig. 10) and the
ratio of Fauna 1 to Fauna 2 is correspondingly low.
FPF-2 Sequence
As stated previously, the interpretation of this sequence is
tentative due to the paucity of available samples. Overall, the Fauna
47
FAUNA 1 (RELATED TO
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT)
FAUNA 2 (RELATED TO
CLEAN SANDS)
FAUNA 3 (RELATED TO
SANDY MUDS)
PHOSPHATIC SEDIMENT
Fig. 10. Faunal-sediment relationships in sequence FPF-1, Fungo River
Formation, Central Onslow Bay,
48
1 assemblage predominates this slightly phosphatic, sandy mud sequence,
with Bolivina paula being the most numerically abundant species.
However, other species associated with Fauna 1, such as Buliminella
elegantlssima and Bulimina elongata, decrease in abundance relative to
their levels in FPF-1. Florilus pizzarensis, typical of the Fauna 3
assemblage, is again present as a secondary species. Valvulineria
floridana and Hanzawaia concéntrica are the most abundant species
associated with Fauna 2 in FPF-2. Valvulineria floridana predominates
in one sample of this sequence. Collectively, species of Fauna 2 are
nearly as abundant as those of Fauna 1 (Fig. 11).
The slight predominance of species that typify Fauna 1, along with
the common occurrence of species of .Fauna 3, indicates environmental
conditions related to modest nutrient supply. Deposition on the middle
continental shelf is Indicated by moderate diversity values, moderate
faunal predominance, low P/B ratios (Fig. 7), and modern distibutional
patterns of key species. Occasional increases in relative abundance of
V. floridana and H. concéntrica probably indicate that the area was
periodically exposed to highly oxygenated, normal marine conditions.
The phosphate content is low in this sequence and the ratio of Fauna 1
to Fauna 2 is correspondingly low (Fig. 11).
FPF-3 Sequence
Sequence FPF-3 differs slightly from FPF-1 and FPF-2 in terms of
species composition and relative abundance of predominant species.
Species that characterize Fauna 2 collectively predominate this
49
FAUNA 1 (RELATED TO
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT)
FAUNA 2 (RELATED TO
CLEAN SANDS)
FAUNA 3 (RELATED TO
SANDY MUDS)
Fig. 11. Faunal-sediment relationships in sequence FPF-2, Fungo River
Formation, Central Onslow Bay. (* unpublished data from S. W.
Snyder for Northern Onslow Bay)
50
sequence (Fig. 12), but Bollvina paula is still the most abundant
single species. Many secondary species in the Fauna 1 assemblage, such
as Buliminella elegantissima and Bulimina elongata, decrease in
abundance relative to older sequences. The occurrence of Florilus
pizzarensis and Florilus grateloupi, major elements of the Fauna 3
assem.blage, is expected in this slightly phosphatic, sandy mud
sequence. Valvulineria floridana predominates in one sample from FPF-
3 and is numerically the most abundant species among those that typify
the Fauna 2 benthic foraminiferal assemblage. Hanzawaia concéntrica is
common in this sequence, where it averages approximately 15 percent of
«
the fauna (Fig. 8). Ciblcides americanus and Ciblcides lobatulus are
common species in FPF-3. Moderate diversity values, moderate faunal
predominance, moderate P/B ratios (Fig. 7), and the distributional
pattern of important species, such as Hanzawaia concentrica, suggest
deposition on the middle continental shelf. The predominance of
Bollvina paula suggests some nutrient enrichment, but the abundance of
the Fauna 2 benthic assemblage implies frequent periods of highly
oxygenated, open marine conditions. The low Fauna 1 to Fauna 2 ratio,
along with the low percentage of phosphate in the sediment (Fig. 12)
supports this interpretation.
FPF-6 Sequence
The FPF-6 sequence is a muddy, foraminiferal quartz sand with
minor amounts of phosphate. Bollvina paula is the most abundant
species in this sequence, but the Fauna 2 foraminiferal association
51
2F1A:UNAA L(DIONTTED)
Fig. 12, Faunal-sediment relationships in sequence FPF-3, Pungo River
Formation, Central Onslow Bay.
52
collectively predominates the benthic foraminferal assemblages (Fig.
13). A few secondary species from Fauna 1 and Fauna 3, such as
Buliminella elegantissima and Florilus pizzarensis, are still present,
but other important secondary species noted from previous sequences are
absent. Valvulineria floridana and Cibicides americanus are the most
abundant species of the Fauna 2 assemblage.
The abundance of Bolivina paula in the FPF-6 sequence is
overshadowed by the collective predominance of the Fauna 2 assemblage,
which is typical of well oxygenated, open marine environments. This
faunal association indicates a transition from conditions of modest
nutrient supply to more highly oxygenated, normal marine conditions,
probably related to the influx of warmer Gulf Stream waters onto the
continental shelf in response to rising sea level (Riggs, 1984).
Moderate diversity values, moderate faunal predominance, the abundance
of planktonic foraminlfers (Fig. 7) and modern species distributional
patterns suggest deposition on the middle to outer continental shelf.
The decrease in phosphate content corresponds to a decrease in the
Fauna 1 to Fauna 2 ratio (Fig. 13).
AF-3 Sequence
The interpretation of this sequence is tentative because of the
insufficient number of available samples. The AF-3 sequence is
carbonate-rich and generally devoid of phosphate. The Fauna 2 benthic
foraminiferal assemblage predominates this sequence (Fig. 14).
Cibicides americanus, the most abundant species, composes approximately
53
FAUNA 1 (RELATED TO
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT)
FAUNA 2 (RELATED TO
CLEAN SANDS)
FAUNA 3 (RELATED TO
SANDY MUDS)
PHOSPHATIC SEDIMENT
C^J
<
z LU
3
<
- < o
z o
3
<
u.
%PHOSPHATIC SEDIMENT
Fig. 13. Faunal-sediment relationships in sequence FPF-6, Fungo River
Formation, Central Onslow Bay.
54
FAUNA 1 (RELATED TO
NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT)
FAUNA 2 (RELATED TO
CLEAN SANDS)
FAUNA 3 (RELATED TO
SANDY MUDS)
PHOSPHATIC SEDIMENT
I
CD
o
X
Z _l
ai CD
m
li.
o
<
z
3
<
u.
Q
UJ
<
Z o
3 o
<
Ü.
Fig. 14. Faunal-sediment relationships in sequence AF-3, Fungo River
Formation, Central Onslow Bay.
55
49 percent of the total benthic population (Fig. 8). Species typical
of the Fauna 1 assemblage are present in small numbers. The
predominance of Cibicides americanus, along with the common occurrence
of Valvullneria floridana and Hanzawaia concentrica, indicates a well
oxygenated, open marine environment of deposition. Moderate diversity
values and the abundance of planktonic foraminifers (Fig. 7) suggest
deposition on the middle to outer continental shelf. The very low
percentage of phosphate in the sediment is associated with a
correspondingly low ratio of Fauna 1 to Fauna 2 (Fig. 14).
BBF-1 Sequence
Sequence BBF-1 contains abundantly phosphatic and dlatomaceous
intervals. The Fauna 1 benthic foraminiferal assemblage predominates
in this sequence, and Bolivina paula predominates by a large margin in
phosphatic and dlatomaceous intervals in the middle portion of BBF-1.
Valvullneria floridana and Cibicides americanus predominate in the non-
phosphatic and non-diatomaceous zones of the lower portion of BBF-1.
Florilus pizzarensis, a major element of the Fauna 3 assemblage, occurs
in small numbers, mostly in association with the more phosphatic
Intervals. The Fauna 1 to Fauna 2 ratio closely parallels the
percentage of phosphate found in the sediments of the lower and middle
portions within the BBF-1 sequence (Figs. 15, 16). No cores were
available from upper BBF-1 in Central Onslow Bay.
The predominance of Bolivina paula, in association with
Bullminella elegantissima and Florilus pizzarensis, suggests that
56
Fig. 15. Faunal-sediment relationships in sequence BBF-1 (lower portion),
Fungo River Formation, Central Onslow Bay. (* unpublished data
from S. W. Snyder for Northern Onslow Bay)
57
FAUNA 1 (RELATED TO
^ NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT)
FAUNA 2 (RELATED TO
H CLEAN SANDS)
FAUNA 3 (RELATED TO
^ SANDY MUDS)
nn PHOSPHATIC SEDIMENT
Fig. 16. Faunal-sediment relationships in sequence BBF-1 (middle
portion), Fungo River Formation, Central Onslow Bay.
58
phosphatic intervals accumulated in oxygen-poor conditions related to
high nutrient levels. Lower diversity values, high faunal
predominance, and the rarity of planktonic specimens suggest (Fig. 7)
deposition in a stressed middle continental shelf environment.
BBF-2 Sequence
The BBF-2 sequence is generally a coarse, clean, quartzitic sand
with minor amounts of phosphate. The Fauna 1 benthic foraminifera1
assemblage totally predominates this sequence. Bolivina paula,
numerically the most abundant species, averages 93 percent of the
foraminiferal fauna.
The predominance of Bolivina paula in BBF-2 does not appear to be
associated with nutrient-rich conditions. The coarse sediment, low
phosphate percentages, and absence of diatoms all suggest a moderate
energy, highly oxygenated bottom. The high concentrations of ^ paula
may be related to mechanical abrasion/destruction of other
foraminifera. Many specimens of B. paula are worn or broken to varying
degrees. Due to their small size and tapering shape, it is possible
for them to be protected in the interstitial spaces of the quartz sand,
thus reducing their chance of being destroyed. Larger species might,
under the same conditions, be crushed against and between mobile grains
of this substrate. This interpretation is speculative due to the
small number of samples available from sequence BBF-2.
59
SUMMARY AMD CONCLUSIONS
The Pungo River Formation in Central Onslow Bay consists of three
third-order seismic sequences (FPF, AF, and BBF), which comprise
smaller, fourth-order seismic sequences, each bounded by
unconformities. Phosphate content, though generally low throughout the
sequences in Central Onslow Bay, does increase dramatically in the
middle portion of sequence BBF-1.
Biostratigraphic analyses indicate a late Burdigalian (late early
Miocene) age for the FPF sequence. The FPF-1, FPF-2, FPF-3 and lower
FPF-6 sequences lie within planktonic foraminiferal Zone N6; middle and
upper FPF-6, in the early portion of Zone N7. The AF-3 sequence is
Langhian (early middle Miocene) in age and is assigned to planktonic
foraminiferal Zone N9. The BBF sequences in Central Onslow Bay cannot
be evaluated as accurately as the previous sequences; but based on data
from Northern Onslow Bay (Snyder, unpub. data), it is presumed to be
Serravallian (middle Miocene) in age (Zone N11-N14). When compared to
coastal offlap/onlap curves (Vail et al.,1977; Vail and Mitchum, 1979),
the FPF, AF, and BBF sequences correspond to the third-order Miocene TM
1.4, TM 2.1, and TM 2.2 transgressions, respectively.
Moderate values of species diversity and faunal predominance
characterize most benthic assemblages of the Pungo River Formation in
Central Onslow Bay. Three benthic foraminiferal associations (Fauna
1, Fauna 2 and Fauna 3) are recognized and each is associated with a
60
specific sediment type through individual seismic sequences. Fauna 1,
associated with phosphate-enriched sands, is comprised of species of
Bolivina, Buliminella, Bulimina and Uvigerina. Fauna 2 characterizes
clean, quartzitic sands and contains species of Valvulineria, Hanzawaia
and Cibicides. Fauna 3, associated with muddy sands, contains species
of Florilus, Siphogenerina and Nonionella. Changes in species
composition reflect variations in water mass properties and substrate
type rather than paleobathymetry. Deposition of the seismic sequences
in this study area occurred on the middle to outer continental shelf.
Bolivina paula, Buliminella elegantissima and other species associated
with high nutrient conditions are slightly predominant in sequences
FPF-1, FPF-2 and FPF-3. Such abundances of these species indicate
moderately low-oxygen conditions, associated with zones of upwelling.
The predominance of Valvulineria floridana in a few samples in each of
these sequences suggests periods of highly oxygenated conditions. The
slight predominance of Valvulineria floridana and Clbicides americanus
in the FPF-6 sequence suggests a transition from conditions of modest
nutrient supply to more highly oxygenated, normal marine conditions.
Attaching forms, such as Clbicides americanus and Cibicides spp.,
predominate in the AF-3 sequence. The strong predominance of Cibicides
americanus in AF-3, in association with Valvulineria floridana and
Hanzawaia concéntrica, indicates a well-oxygenated, open marine
environment. In highly phosphatic portions of the BBF-1 sequence, the
abundance of Bolivina paula increases (up to 71% of the total benthic
foraminiferal assemblage) and this species strongly predominates. This
61
association indicates that the phosphatic zone in the middle portion of
BBF-1 was deposited during strong upwelling conditions. The
predominance of Bolivina paula in BBF-2 is probably related more to
mechanical abrasion/destruction of other benthic species than to high-
nutrient conditions.
ANNOTATED FAUNAL LIST
Planktonic foraminifera from Central Onslow Bay appear in the
first portion of this section; benthic foraminifera, in the second
part. Species are grouped within genera that are arranged
alphabetically. Generic concepts follow the Treatise on Invertebrate
Paleontology (1964). No suprageneric classification is given and only
original descriptions are cited. Diagnostic morphological
characteristics are briefly summarized for each species along with a
statement on stratigraphic occurrence and geographical distribution
within the study area. The relative abundance of benthic species
within individual samples is presented in Appendix C.
63
Planktonic Foraminifera
Genus: Cassigerlnella Porkorny, 1955
Cassigerinella chipolensis (Cushman and Ponton)
Pi. 5, fig. a-b
Cassidulina chipolensis CUSHMAN AND PONTON, 1932, Florida Geol. Soc.
Survey Bull. 9, p. 98, pi. 15, fig. 2.
Test a small, robust, smooth, biserial coil; usually 8-10
chambers, gradually enlarging and becoming progressively more Inflated;
aperture a U-shaped arch on inward facing portion of ultimate chamber.
Range: Early Zone P18 to later Zone N13 (Blow, 1969,1979).
Earliest Oligocène to end of middle Miocene; Pseudohasterigerina
miera to Globorotalia siakensis Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Catapsydrax Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957
Catapsydrax disslmilis (Cushman and Bermudez)
PI. 3, fig. f-g
Globlgerlna dlssimilis CUSHMAN AND BERMUDEZ, 1937, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Research, Contr., v. 13, p. 25, pi. 3, fig. 4-6.
Test compact with 4 chambers in final whorl; surface texture
coarsely cancellate; umbilicus covered by bulla with at least 2 and up
to 4 arched supplementary apertures over sutural depressions.
Range: Within Zone P13 through Zone N6 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Middle Eocene to early Miocene; Orbulinoides beckmanni to
64
Catapsydrax stainforthl Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975). Zone
N2 through N6 (Poore, 1978).
Occurrence: Rare In FPF-6 sequence.
Catapsydrax stainforth! Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
PI. 3, fig. h-i
Catapsydrax stainforth! BOLLI, LOEBLICH, AND TAPPAN, 1957, U. S. Natl.
Museum Bull. 215, p. 37, pi. 7, fig. 11.
Test small; 4 chambers in final whorl; surface texture not as
coarse as C. dissimilis or C. unicavus; primary aperture completely
covered by single bulla with small, arched openings over intercameral
sutures.
Range: Latest Zone N4 to later part of Zone N7 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early Miocene; Catapsydrax dlsslmilis to Globigerlnatella
insueta Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan
PI. 3, fig. j-k
Catapsydrax unicavus BOLLI, LOEBLICH, AND TAPPAN, 1957, Ü. S. Natl.
Museum Bull. 215, p. 37, pi. 7, fig. 9.
Test small, low-spired; commonly 4 chambers in final whorl;
primary aperture covered by bulla attached to chambers on 3 sides,
leaving a low, arched opening on fourth.
Range: Within Zone P20 to N6 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
65
Late middle Eocene to early Miocene; Truncorotaloldes rohrl to
Catapsydrax statnforthi Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975); recorded
as high as Zone N8 (Poore, 1978).
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, and FPF-6 sequences.
Genus: Globigerina d'Orbigny, 1826
Globigerina angustiumbllicata Bolli
PI. 1, fig. k-1
Globigerina clperoensls angustiumbllicata BOLLI, 1957, U. S. Natl.
Museum Bull. 215, p. 109, pi. 22, fig. 12-13.
Test small, low trochospire; uniformly 5 chambers in final
whorl; surface texture perforate; aperture small, arched opening.
Range: Upper Zone P16 to Zone N22 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Late Eocene to Pleistocene or Holocene; Globorotalla
cerroazulensls s.l. to Globorotalla truncatulinoldes Zone
(Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Globigerina juvenilis Bolli
PI. 1, fig. m
Globigerina juvenilis BOLLI, 1957, U. S. Natl. Museum Bull. 215, p.
110, pi. 24, fig. 5a-c, 6.
Test small with 4 chambers in final whorl; umbilicus small;
aperture a low, elongate slit with a slight lip.
66
Range: Base of Zone N4 to Zone N23 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Late Oligocène through Pleistocene.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Globigerina praebulloides Blow
PI. 1, fig. a-b
Globigerina praebulloides BLOW, 1959, Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 39,
p. 180, pi. 8, fig. 47, pi. 9, fig. 48.
Test with 4 loosely colled chambers in final whorl; umbilicus
wide; aperture partially extraumbilical.
Range: Zone P16 to within N17 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Late Eocene through late Miocene.
Occurrence: Few in FPF-3, FPF-6, AF-3 sequences; common in FPF-1 and
BBF-1 sequences.
Globigerina pseudociperoensis Blow
Pi. 1, fig. c-d
Globigerina praebulloides pseudociperoensis BLOW, 1969, Proc. First
Internatl. Conf. Planktonic Microfossils, p. 381-382, pi. 17
fig. 8, 9.
Test moderate sized with 5 loosely embracing chambers in fianl
whorl; surface texture finely perforate; umbilicus open and aperture
tends to be somewhat extraumbilical.
Range: At least Zone N7 to within Zone N12 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
67
Zone N6 to Zone N14 (Poore, 1 978).
Early to middle Miocene.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-6 and FPF-3 sequences.
Globigerina tripartita Koch
PI. 1, fig. e-f
Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny var. tripartita KOCH, 1926, Ecologue
Geol. Helvetiae, v. 19, p. 746, fig. 21 a-b.
Test moderate sized, globose; generally 3 chambers in final
whorl; umbilicus triangular; aperture intraumbilical.
Range: Zone P14 to Zone N3 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Middle Eocene to Late Oligocène and recognized in early
Miocene, but not rigidly defined (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, and FPF-6 sequences.
Globigerina wood! Jenkins
PI. 1, fig. i-j
Globigerina woodi JENKINS, 1960, Micropaleontology, v. 6, n. 4, p.
252, pi.2, fig. 2.
Test small, coarsely textured with 4 chambers in final whorl;
aperture interiomarginal, centered over antepenultimate chamber,
semicircular.
Range: Zone P22 to middle Zone N21 (Poore, 1978).
Late Oligocène to Pliocene.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, and FPF-6 sequences.
68
Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg
PI. 1, fig. g-h
Globigerina venezuelana HEDBERG, 1937, Jour. Paleontology, v. 11, p.
681, pi. 92, fig. 7.
Test large with finely cancellate surface texture; generally 4
and 1/2 chambers in final whorl; ultimate chamber is usually small and
irregular, embracing and partially covering rectangular umbilicus.
Range: Within Zone P22 to within Zone N19 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Middle Eocene through Miocene, with some Pliocene occurrences
(Stalnforth et al., 1975).
Occurrences: Common in FPF-1; few in FPF-3, FPF-6, and BBF-1; rare in
AF-3.
Genus: Globigerinita Bronnimann, 1951
Globigerinita glutlnata (Egger)
PI. 4, fig. k-1
Globigerinita glutinata EGGER, 1893, Abh. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
München, Cl. II, v. 18, p. 371, pi. 13, fig. 19, 20.
Test small, finely perforate; usually 3-4 chambers in final
whorl; umbilicus covered by bulla that may be simple and inflated (as
illustrated) or appressed and bordered by small, multiple openings.
Range: Zone P21 to Zone N22 (Poore, 1978).
In synonomy with G^ naparimaensis, middle Miocene to Holocene
(Stainforth et al., 1975).
69
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1; rare in FPF-3 and FPF-6 sequences.
Globigerinlta uvula (Ehrenberg)
PI. 4, fig. m
Pylodexla uvula EHRENBERG, 1861, K. Preuss, Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
Monatsber., p. 276-277, 308.
Test small, high-spired with 4 chambers in final whorl; aperture
interiomarginal, umbilical, low arch with delicate lip.
Range: Zone P21 to Zone N22 (Poore, 1978).
Late Oligocène to Holocene.
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1; rare in FPF-3 and FPF-6 sequences.
Genus: Globigerinoides Cushman, 1927
Globigerinoides obliquus obliquus Bolli
PI. 2, fig. a-b
Globigerinoides obliqua BOLLI, 1957, U. S. Natl. Museum Bull. 215, p.
113, pi. 25, fig, 9, 10.
Test moderate sized with 4 chambers compressed in lateral
oblique manner in final whorl; aperture interiomarginal high arch; one
or more supplementary sutural apertures on spiral side.
Range: Latest Zone N5 into Zone N22 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Zone N8 into Zone N22 (Poore, 1978).
Early Miocene into Pleistocene.
Occurence:Rare in FPF-1 and BBF-1; few in FPF-3 and FPF-6 sequences.
70
Globigeriñoides quadrilobatus altiapertura Bolli
Pl. 2, fig. c-d
Globigerinoides triloba altiapertura BOLLI, 1957, U. S. Nati. Museum
Bull. 215, p. 113, pl. 25, fig. 7-8.
Test ovoid, low-spired with 3 and 1/2 to 4 appressed globular
chambers in final whorl; aperture a circular arch extending over
umbilical area and completely embracing antepenultimate chamber; large,
lunate supplementary apertures on spiral side.
Range: Base of Zone N5 to early Zone N7 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early Miocene; Catapsydrax dlsslmills and Catapsydrax
stainforthi Zones (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1, FPF-3, and FPF-6 sequences.
Globigerinoides quadrilobatus praeimmaturus Bronnimann and Resig
Pl. 2, fig. e-f
Globigerinoides quadrilobatus praeimmaturus BRONNIMANN AND RESIG,
1971, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. VII,
p. 1272, pl. 9, fig. 1-4.
Test a low trochospire with 4 subglobular chambers slowly
Increasing in size through final whorl; strongly pustulose surface
texture; aperture umbilical, interiomarginal, narrow slit; secondary
slit visible on spiral side.
Range: Zone N6 to Zones N7/N8, common in Zones N7/N8 (Bronnimann and
Resig, 1971)
71
Early Miocene to middle Miocene.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, and AF-3 sequences.
Globigerinoides quadrllobatus primordius Blow and Banner
PI. 2, fig. g-h
Globigerlnoldes quadrllobatus primordius BLOW AND BANNER, 1 962, ^ri
Eames, F. E. et al.. Fundamentals of mid-Tertiary stratigraphical
correlation, p. 115, pi. 9, fig. Dd-Ff.
Test low trochospire with 3 and 1/2 to 4 chambers in final
whorl doubling in size as added; primary aperture arched; primary and
supplementary apertures align so that one sees through them.
Range: Base Zone N4 to early Zone N5 .(Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early Miocene; Globorotalia kugleri Zone (Stalnforth et al.,
1975).
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1 and FPF-3; rare in FPF-6.
Globigerlnoldes quadrllobatus sacculifer (Brady)
PI. 2, fig. i-j
Globlgerlna sacculifera BRADY, 1877, Geol. Mag., dec. 2, v. 4, p. 535.
Test low trochospire; generally 4 appressed and globular
chambers in final whorl; ultimate chamber becoming almond-shaped or
sack-like in adult specimens; similar to G^ triloba in early stages;
conspicuous primary and supplementary apertures.
Range: Within Zone N5 to Zone N23 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early Miocene to Holocene (Stalnforth et al., 1975)
72
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, and AF-3 sequences.
Globigerlnoldes quadrllobatus triloba (Reuss)
PI. 2, fig. k-1
Globigerina triloba REUSS, 1850, Akad. Wiss. Wien Denkschr., Math.
Nat. Kl., V. 1, p. 347, pi. 47, fig. 11.
Test moderate sized with 3 appressed chambers in final whorl;
surface texture coarsely cancellate; conspicuous median suture
separates quadrate coil from ultimate chamber; primary aperture a low
arch encompassing earlier portion of test; irregular or lunate
supplementary apertures on spiral side.
Range: Within early portion of Zone N6 to N23 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early Miocene to Holocene; Catapsydrax dissimilis to
Globorotalia truncatullnoides zones (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Common in FPF-1, FPF-6, and BBF-1; abundant in FPF-3 and
AF-3 sequences.
Globigerinoides sicanus praesicanus Bronnimann and Resig
PI. 3, fig. a-b
Globigerinoides sicanus praesicanus BRONNIMANN AND RESIG, 1971, Initial
Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. VII, p. 1 273, pi.
10, fig. 5, 6, 8.
Test with 3 to 3 and 1/2 subglobular chambers in final whorl;
ultimate chamber comprises approximately 1/2 of test, showing a
73
tendency to envelope preceding chambers; large, arched, interiomarginal
primary aperture; small supplementary apertures on spiral side (2 in
typical form, 1 in affine form).
Range: Zone N4 to N6 (typical)
Zone N7/N8 (affine) (Brdnnimann and Resig, 1971).
Occurrence: Rare in AF-3 sequence.
Globigertnoldes sicanus slcanus de Stéfani
PI. 3, fig. c
Globigerinoides sicanus DE STEFANI, 1950, Plinia, v. 3, note 4, p. 9.
Test finely cancellate with 3 subglobular chambers in final
whorl; differs from G^ s_^ praesicanus in having a larger, more
embracing final chamber and slit-like primary aperture.
Range: Base of Zone N8 to within early Zone N9 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early middle Miocene.
Occurrence: Rare in AF-3.
Globigerinoides subquadratus Bronnimann
PI. 3, fig. d-e
Globigerinoides subquadratus BRONNIMANN, 1954, Todd, Cloud, Low,
and Schmidt, Amer. Jour. Science, v. 252, p. 680, pi. 1, fig.
5.
Test coarsely camcellate with 3 subglobular chambers in final
whorl, lightly embracing in adult specimens; primary aperture large,
nearly circular, located symmetrically above intercameral suture
74
between penultimate and antepenultimate chambers; generally 2
supplementary apertures on spiral side.
Range: Middle to late Zone N5 to top of Zone N13 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early Miocene to Middle Miocene; Catapsydrax stainforthi Zone
to Globorotalia fohsl/robusta Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and FPF-6; few in FPF-3; common in AF-3 and
BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Globoquadrina Finlay, 1947
Globoquadrina altispira altispira (Cushman and Jarvis)
PI. 4, fig. a-b
Globlgerina altispira CUSHMAN AND JARVIS, 1936, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Research, Contr. v. 12, pt. 1, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 13, 14.
Test high trochosplre with 4 to 5 chambers in final whorl;
initial chambers globose and rapidly enlarging, later becoming
appressed; surface texture finely cancellate; aperture umbilical,
partially concealed by triangular apertural teeth of previous chambers.
Range: Zone N4 to early Zone N20 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Early Miocene to late Pliocene; Catapsydrax stainforthi to
Globorotalia margaritae zones (Stainforth et al, 1975).
Zone N7 to base of Zone N21 (Poore, 1978).
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence
Globoquadrina altispira globosa Bolli
Pi. 4, fig. c-d
Globoquadrina altispira globosa BOLLI, 1957, U. S. Natl. Museum Bull.
215, p. Ill, pi. 24, fig. 9, 10.
Test somewhat elevated but not as high spired as G_^ a_^
altispira; usually 5 slowly enlarging chambers in final whorl;
umbilicus wide, deep, partially concealed by triangular apertural
teeth.
Range: Within Zone P22 to earliest Zone N20 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Latest Oligocène to Pliocene; Globigerina ciperoensis Zone to
Pulleniatlna obliquiloculata Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1 sequences.
Globoquadrina baroemoenensis (LeRoy)
Pi. 4, fig. e-f
Globigerina baroemoenensis LEROY, 1939, Natuurk. Tljdschr. Nederl.-
Indie, Batavia, Java, p. 263, pi. 6, fig. 1, 2.
Test flattened on spiral side; 3 and 1/2 to 4 rapidly enlarging
chambers in final whorl; aperture a large opening with a distinct,
protruding plate-like tooth.
Range: Zone N2 to Zone N16 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Base of Zone P21 to top of Zone N12 (Poore, 1978).
Late Oligocène to middle Miocene.
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1 and FPF-3; rare in FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1
sequences
76
Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins)
PI. 4, fig. g-h
Globorotalia dehiscans CHAPMAN, PARR, AND COLLINS, 1934, Linn. Soc.
London Jour. Zoology, v. 38, n. 262, p. 569, pi. 11, fig. 36.
Test a quadrate coil with 4 chambers in final whorl; spiral side
flattened; aperture an elonagte slit partially concealed by toothlike
projection.
Range: Latest Zone N4 to within Zone N19 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Largely confined to Miocene (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1 and FPF-3; rare in FPF-6 and AF-3 sequences.
Globoquadrina larmeui larmeui Akers
PI. 4, fig. i-j
Globoquadrina larmeui AKERS, 1955, Jour. Paleontology, v. 29, n. 4, p.
661, pi. 65, fig. 4.
Test flattened on spiral side; generally 3 and 1/2 chambers in
final whorl; aperture interiomarginal, umbi lical-extraumbi li cal with
distinct teeth.
Range: Zone N6-N18 (Blow, 1969,1979)
Base of Zone N6-N16 (Poore, 1978)
Early to Late Miocene, possibly early Pliocene.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1; Few in FPF-3
sequences.
77
Genus: Globorotalla Cushman, 1927
Globorotalla btrnageae Blow
PI. 5, fig. a-b
Globorotalla blrnageae BLOW, 1959, Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 39, n.
178, p.210-211, pi. 17, fig. 108.
Test small with 4 to 5 tightly colled inflated chambers In final
whorl; aperture Interlomarglnal, umblllcal-extraumblllcal silt with
developed lip; lack of peripheral keel.
Range: Within Zone N7 to within Zone N9 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Zone N6 to Zone N7 (Poore, 1978).
Reported as low as Zone N6 (Bronnlmann and Reslg, 1971).
Late early Miocene to middle M.locene.
Occurrence: Rare In FPF-1 sequence.
Globorotalla fohsl perlpheroronda Blow and Banner
PI. 5, fig. c-d
Globorotalla (Turborotalla) perlpheroronda BLOW AND BANNER, 1966,
Micropaleontology, v. 12, n. 3, p. 294, pi. 1, fig. 1, pi. 2,
fig. 1-3.
Test coarsely textured with 6 to 7 Inflated chambers In final
whorl; aperture Interlomarglnal, umblllcal-extraumblllcal silt with
distinct lip; periphery rounded and without keel.
Range: Zone N6 to Zone Nil (Blow 1969, 1979).
Early to middle Miocene; Catapsydrax dlsslmllls Zone to within
Globorotalla fohsl lobata/robusta Zone (Stalnforth et al..
78
1975).
Zone N8 to Zone N14 (Poore, 1971).
Occurrence: Common in FPF-1; few in FPF-3, FPF-6, and AF-3; rare in
BBF-1 sequence.
Globorotalia obesa Bolli
PI. 5, fig. g-h
Globorotalia obesa BOLLI, 1957, U. S. Natl. Museum Bull. 215, p. 119,
pi. 29, fig. 2-3.
Test a low, quadrate trochospire; 4 to 4 and 1/2 globose
chambers increasing rapidly in size through final whorl; umbilicus wide
and deep; aperture a high arch extending from umbilical pit to
periphery.
Range: Within Zone P21 to Zone N23 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Late Oligocène to Holocene; Globigerina ciperoensls Zone to
Globorotalia truncatullnoldes Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Zone P21 to Zone N14 (Poore, 1978).
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1, FPF-3, and FPF-6; rare in BBF-1 sequences.
Globorotalia opima nana Bolli
PI. 5, fig. i-j
Globorotalia opima nana BOLLI, 1957, U. S. Natl. Museum Bull. 215, p.
118, pi. 28, fig. 3.
Test a small, tightly coiled trochospire; 4 chambers in final
79
whorl; spiral outline somewhat quadrangular; aperture interiomarginal,
umbilical-extratumbilical slit with a slight rim or lip.
Range: Within Zone P15 to within early Zone N3(P22) (Blow, 1969,
1979).
Late Eocene and Oligocène; Globigerinatheka seminvoluta to
within Globigerina ciperoensis zones (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Zone N4 (Poore, 1978).
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and FPF-6 sequences.
Globorotalia siakensls Leroy
Pi. 5, fig. 1-m
Globorotalia siakensis LEROY, 1939, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.-Indie.,
V. 99, n. 6, p. 262, pi. 4, fig. 20-22.
Test a discoidal trochospire with 5 to 6 chambers in final
whorl; umbilicus narrow and deep; rounded periphery; aperture
crescentic to comma-shaped extending from umbilicus to periphery.
Range: Latest Zone P21 to top of Zone N14 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Late Oligocène to middle Miocene; within Globorotalia opima
opima to Globorotalia siakensis Zone (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Zone P21 to Zone N16 (Poore, 1978).
Occurrence: Few in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, and AF-3; rare in BBF-1
sequences
80
Genus: Orbulina d'Orbtgny
Orbulina universa d'Orbigny
PI. 5, fig. k
Orbulina universa D'ORBIGNY, 1839, ^ R. de la Sagra, Histoire
Physique, Politique et Naturelle de I'llle de Cuba, Paris, p. 2,
pi. 1, fig. 1.
Test a spherical chamber with scattered large pores as
apertures; surface texture cancellate, often finely hispid.
Range: Within early to middle Zone N9 to Zone N23 (Blow, 1969, 1979).
Middle Miocene to Holocene (Stainforth et al., 1975).
Occurrence: Rare in AF-3 sequence.
81
Benthic Foraminifera
Genus: Astacolus de Montfort, 1808
Astacolus cf. A. dubius (Neugeboren)
PI. 6, fig. f
Marginulina dubia NEUGEBOREN, 1851, Siebenberg. Ver. Naturwiss. Verb,
u. Mitt., V. 2, p. 120, pi. 4, fig. 1.
Test elongate, slightly arcuate, compressed; early stage
coiled, later chambers become uniserial; aperture terminal, radiate.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-6 sequence.
Astacolus sp.
PI. 6, fig. g
Test arcuate, compressed, slightly keeled; early chambers
enrolled, becoming uniserial, and increasingly elongate.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-3 sequence.
Genus: Baggina Cushman, 1926
Baggina sp.
PI. 10, fig. c-d
Test perforate, trochospiral; few subglobular chambers rapidly
enlarging and somewhat overlapping on spiral side; aperture broad
umbilical opening without lip.
Occurrence: Present in FPF-1 sequence.
82
Genus: Bolivina d'Orbigny
Boltvina advena Cushman
PI. 8, fig. c
Bolivina advena CUSHMAN, 1925, Cushman Lab. Foram. Research, Contr.,
V. 1, pt. 2, p. 29, pi. 5, fig. la, b.
Test coarsely porous, biserial; early chambers somewhat
compressed; sutures limbate, slightly raised, sinuate, forming an
irregular, prominent ridge along median of test.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-6, AF-3, BBF-1, and BBF-2 sequences.
Bolivina calvertensis Dorsey
PI. 8, fig. d
Bolivina calvertensis DORSEY, 1948, Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines,
Water Resources Bull. 2, p. 306, pi. 36, fig. 17.
Test elongate, biserial, gently tapering; chambers somewhat
inflated; numerous longitudinal costae covering all but last few
chambers.
Occurrence: Rare to few in FPF-1 and FPF-3; rare in FPF-2, FPF-6, AF-
3, BBF-1, and BBF-2 sequences.
Bolivina floridana Cushman
PI. 8, fig. e
Bolivina floridana CUSHMAN, 1918, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 676, p. 49,
pi. 10, fig. 4.
83
Test elongate, gradually tapering, slightly rounded apertural
end; sutures undulate with numerous excavated re-entrants.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and BBF-1 sequences.
Bolivina marginata multicostata Cushman
PI. 8, fig. f
Bolivina marginata Cushman var. multicostata CUSHMAN, 1930, Fla. Geol.
Survey Bull. 4, p. 46, pi. 8, fig. 13-14.
Test elongate, gradually tapering; periphery acute to subacute;
numerous longitudinal costae on early chambers.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-2, FPF-3, AF-3, and BBF-1 sequences.
Bolivina paula Cushman and Cahill
PI. 8, fig. g
Bolivina paula CUSHMAN AND CAHILL, 1932, Cushman and Ponton, Fla.
Geol. Survey Bull. 9, p. 84, pi. 12, fig. 6.
Test elongate, compressed; sides nearly parallel, slightly
tapering at initial end; 8-10 chamber pairs; periphery subacute.
Occurrence: Rare to abundant throughout the Pungo River sequences.
Bolivina cf. ^ subdillatata Pishvanova
PI. 8, fig. h
Bolivina subdillatata PISHVANOVA, 1960, Leningrad Vses. Neft. Nauchno-
Issled. Geol.-Razved Inst., vypusk 153, sbornik 11, p. 109, 110.
84
Test wedge-shaped, tapering rapidly from initial end; periphery
subacute; chambers somewhat inflated.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-2, FPF-3, FPF-6, BBF-1, and BBF-2
sequences.
Genus: Bolivinopsis Yakovlev, 1891
Bolivinopsis fairhavenensis Gibson
PI. 6, fig. e
Bolivinopsis fairhavenensis GIBSON, 1983, Smithsonian Contr.
Paleobiology, n.53, p. 379, pi. 20, fig. 1-4.
Test small, elongate, compressed; early stage planispiral, later
becomeing biserial; rounded periphery; sides of test nearly parallel.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-2, and FPF-6 sequences.
Genus: Bulimina d'Orbigny, 1826
Bulimina elongata d'Orbigny
PI. 8, fig. i
Bulimina elongata D'ORBIGNY, 1846, Foraminiferes fossiles du Bassin
Tertiare de Vienne (Autriche), Paris, p. 187, pi. 11, fig. 19,
20.
Test elongate, smooth, slightly twisted; chambers inflated;
early stage triserial, later becoming biserial.
Occurrence: Rare to common throughout the Pungo River sequences.
85
Bullmlna striata mexicana Cushman
PI. 8, fig. j
Bullmlna striata d'Ürblgny var. mexicana CUSHMAN, 1922, U. S. Natl.
Museum Bull. 104, pt. 3, p. 95, pi. 21, fig.2.
Test trlserlal, conical In outline; chambers Inflated and
overhanging with prominent longitudinal costae ending with short spine;
final chambers have smooth upper surface.
Occurrence: Rare In FPF-1 and FPF-2 sequences.
Genus; Bullmlnella Cushman, 1911
Bullmlnella cf. B. brevlor Cushman
PI. 8, fig. a
Bullmlnella brevlor CUSHMAN, 1925, Cushman Lab. Forara. Research,
Contr., v.l, n. 8, p. 33, pi. 5, fig. 14.
Test small, broad, elongate; Initial end somewhat pointed;
sllghlty flattened apertural face.
Note: Pungo River specimens tend to be smaller and have a more
pointed apical end than typical representatives of this species.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1 through FPF-6, BBF-1, and BBF-2
sequences.
Bullmlnella elegantlsslma (d'Orblgny)
PI. 8, fig. b
Bullmlnella elegantlsslma D'ORBIGNY, 1839, Voy. Amer. Merld., v. 5,
86
pt. 5, "Foramlniferes", p. 51, pi. 7, fig. 13-14.
Test elongate, fusiform; numerous tall, narrow, slightly
inflated chambers arranged in high spire; aperture an elongate opening
in apertural face.
Occurrence: Rare to abundant throughout the Fungo River sequences.
Genus: Cancris de Montfort, 1808
Cancris sagra (d'Orbigny)
pi. 10, fig. e-f
Rotalina (Ro t alina) sagra D'ORBIGNY, 1 8 39 , In de la Sagra,
Hi s toi re ...de I'llle de Cuba, "Foramini feres", p. 77, Tab. 5,
fig. 13-15.
Test biconvex, trochospiral, with acute periphery; keeled;
aperture umbilical-extraumbilical, bearing faint lip.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-3 and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Cassidella Hofker, 1951
? Cassidella sp.
PI. 11, fig. e
Test elongate, slightly twisted; early chambers triserial, later
becoming biserial; chambers somewhat inflated.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, and FPF-6 sequences.
87
Genus: Cassídulinotdes Cushman, 1927
Cassldulínoides bradyi (Norman)
PI. 8, fig. k
Cassidulina bradyi NORMAN, 1881, ^ Brady, Quart. Jour. Micro. Sci.,
n. s., V. 21, p. 59, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Test biserial; early stage subglobular and enrolled, later
uncoiling; aperture recessed in face of final chamber and having
prominent tooth.
Occurrence: Rare in BBF-1 sequence.
Genus: Ciblcides de Montfort, 1808
Cibicides americanus (Cushman)
PI. 10, fig. k-1
Truncatulinina americana CUSHMAN, 1918, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 676,
p. 63, pi. 20, fig. 2, 3, pi. 21, fig. 1.
Test planoconvex, periphery subacute, umbilical side nearly
flat; 8 to 10 chambers in final whorl; aperture extending slightly on
spiral side bearing faint lip.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1 through FPF-6, BBF-1 and BBF-2;
abundant in AF-3 sequences.
Cibicides floridanus (Cushman)
PI. 11, fig. a-b
88
Truncatulína floridana CUSHMAN, 1918, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 676, p.
62, pl. 19, flg. 2.
Test biconvex; periphery acute, slightly lobate, keeled; wall
coarsely punctate.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, and AF-3; rare to abundant in
BBF-1 sequences.
Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob)
PI. 11, fig. c-d
Nautilus lobatulus WALKER AND JACOB, 1798, Kanmacher, Adam's Essays
on the iMicroscope, ed. 2, p. 642, pl. 14, fig. 36.
Variable morphology due to attaching mode of life; lobate
periphery; spiral side planar to concave, umbilical side convex; test
coarsely punctate.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1
sequences•
Genus: Discorbis Lamarck, 1804
Discorbis bassleri (Cushman and Cahill)
PI. 9, fig. g
Rotalia bassleri CUSHMAN AND CAHILL, 1933, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.
Paper 175-A, p. 30, pl. 10, fig. 7.
Test small, trochospiral, biconvex to planoconvex; slightly
keeled; subacute periphery; prominent umbilical plug.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, AF-3, BBF-1, and
BBF-2 sequences.
Genus: Elphidium de Montfort, 1808
Elphldium excavatum (Terquem)
PI. 10, fig. i
Polystomella excavatum TERQUEM, 1875, Essai sur le classement des
animaux qui vivent sur la plage et dans les environs de
Dunkerque, pt. 1, p. 25, pl. 2, fig. 2 a-f.
Test planispiral, biumbonate; central umbonal boss; periphery
rounded to subacute; sutures depressed with single row of sutural
pores.
Note: Pungo River specimens encountered are placed into forma
clavatum.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 through FPF-6, and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Epistominella Husezima and Maruhasi, 1944
Epistominella danvillensis Howe and Wallace
PI. 9, fig. h
Epistominella danvillensis HOWE AND WALLACE, 1932, Louisiana Dept.
Conserv. Bull. 2, p. 71, pl. 13, fig. 7.
Test small, trochospiral, biconvex; circular in outline;
periphery slightly lobate; 8-10 chambers in final whorl; aperture
narrow opening parallel to periphery of test; surface texture finely
90
perforate.
Occurrence: Rare to abundant in FPF-1, FPF-2, and FPF-3 sequences.
Genus: Eponides de Montfort, 1808
Eponldes cf. E. répandus (Fichte! and Moll)
PI. 10, fig. j
Nautilus répandus FICHTEL AND MOLL, 1798, Test. Micr., p. 35, pi. 3,
fig. a-d.
Test large, nearly circular on outline; spiral side flattened
adjacent to periphery; aperture an interiomarginal, umbilical-
extraumbilical arch extending nearly to periphery.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Estorffina Kleinpell and Tipton, 1980
Estorffina mayi (Cushman and Parker)
PI. 7, fig. g
Siphogenerina mayi CUSHMAN AND PARKER, 1931, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Research, Contr., v. 7, p. 10-11, pl. 2, fig. 7.
Test elongate, finely perforate; early stage triserial, rapidly
becoming uniserial; chambers inflated with numerous, delicate,
longitudinal costae; aperture circular, terminal with short neck and
slight lip.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and FPF-6 sequences.
91
Genus: Fissurina Reuss, 1850
Ftssurtna lucida (Williamson)
PI. 7, fig. i
Entosolenia marginata (Montagu) var. lucida WILLIAMSON, 1848, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., v. 1, ser. 2, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 17.
Test small, smooth, ovate; aperture a slit at end of test; short
apical spines.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Florilus de Montfort, 1808
?
Florilus grateloupi (d'Orbigny)
PI. 12, fig. b-c
Nonionina grateloupi D'ORBIGNY, 1826, Annales Sci. Nat. Hist., v. 7,
n. 12, p. 294, modele 19.
Test smooth, finely perforate, trochospiral; chambers compressed
and rapidly increase in height, slightly flaring.
Occurence: Rare to few in FPF-1, FPF-2, FPF-3, FPF-6, and BBF-1
sequences.
Florilus pizzarensis (Berry)
PI. 12, fig. d-e
Nonion pizzarensis BERRY, 1928, Jour. Paleontology, v. 1, n. 2, p.
2 6 9, fig. 1.
Test large, trochospiral, moderately flaring; surface texture
smooth; granular material commonly developed on one side of umbilicus
92
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1 through FPF-6, BBF-1, and BBF-2
sequences.
Genus: Fursenkoina Loeblich and Tappan, 1961
Fursenkolna fusiformis (Williamson)
PI. 11, fig. g
Bulimina pupoides d'Orbigny var. fusiformis WILLIAMSON, 1858, On the
Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, p. 63, pi. 5, fig. 129,
130.
Test small, elongate fusiform, sigmoid to biserial; surface
texture finely perforate; aperture an elongate slit extending up base
in final chamber.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and BBF-1 sequences.
Fursenkoina sp.
PI. 11, fig. h
Test elongate, somewhat compressed; slightly twisted in early
stage; chambers somewhat inflated, sutures dlsticnt; aperture elongate
slit.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Globocassidulina Voloshina, 1960
Globocassidullna crassa (d'Orbigny)
PI. 11, fig. j
Cassidulina crassa D'ORBIGNY, 1839, Voy. l'Amer. Méridionale,
93
"Fo ramini f e re s", v. 5, pt. 5, p. 56, pi. 7, fig. 18-20.
Test small, smooth, blserlally coiled, subcircular in outline;
chambers Inflated; aperture a narrow slit extending up face of final
chamber.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Globulina d'Orblgny, 1826
Globulina glbba d'Orbigny
PI. 7, fig. c
Globulina gibba D'ORBIGNY, 1826, Annales Sci. Nat., v. 7, n. 10, p.
266, modele 63.
Test smooth, ovate; globular chambers strongly overlapping;
aperture radiate.
Occurrence: Present in FPF-1.
Globulina inaequalis Reuss
PI. 7, fig. d
Globulina inaequalis REUSS, 1850, Denkschr. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien.,
V. 1, p. 377, p. 48, fig. 9.
Test smooth, slightly compressed; chambers few, strongly
overlapping; sutures slightly depressed; aperture radiate.
Occurrence: Present in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Guttulina d'Orbigny, 1826
Guttulina sp
94
PI. 7, fig. f
Test ovate, chambers inflated, strongly overlapping chambers;
sutures depressed; aperture radiate.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-6 sequence.
Genus: Hanzawaia Asano, 1944
Hanzawaia concéntrica (Cushman)
PI. 12, fig. g-h
Truncatulina concéntrica CUSHMAN, 1918, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 676,
p.64, pi. 21, fig. 3.
Test planoconvex, periphery subacute and partially keeled;
spiral side highly inflated; umbilical side nearly flat and showing
supplementary apertures beneath chamber flaps; chamber flaps becoming
increasingly fused with growth of test; aperture a peripheral arch
extending slightly onto convex side.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1 through FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1
sequences.
Genus: Islandiella Norvang, 1958
Islandlella sp.
Pi. 8, fig. 1
Test smooth, biserially enrolled, slightly compressed with rounded
periphery; aperture an elongate slit extending up face of final
chamber, partially concealed by tooth plate.
95
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Lagena Walker and Jacob, 1798
Lagena cf.L. laevis (Montagu)
Pl. 6, fig. h
Vermiculum laeve MONTAGU, 1803, Testacea Britannica, p. 524.
Test small, smooth, ovate; very finely hispid surface texture.
Occurrence: Rare in BBF-1 sequence.
Lagena cf.1^ palmerae McLean
PI. 6, fig. i
Lagena palmerae MCLEAN, 1956, Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 36, n. 160,
p. 332, pl. 39, fig. 5, 6.
Test subspherical with an elongate, fluted neck.; basal costae
not restricted to lower half of test but extend its entire length.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Lagena pseudosulcata McLean
PI. 6, fig. j
Lagena pseudosulcata MCLEAN, 1956, Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 36, n.
160, p. 332-333, pl. 39, fig. 11.
Test small, sparsely but coarsely costate; neck ornamented with
thick rugose collar.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
96
Lagena substriata Williamson
PI. 6, fig. k
Lagena substriata WILLIAMSON, 1848, Annals and Mag. Nat. History,
ser. 2, V. 1, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 12.
Test small, oval; surface covered with numerous, fine striations
extending entire length onto neck.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and FPF-2 sequences.
Genus: Lenticulina Lamarck, 1804
Lenticulina americana americana (Cushman)
PI. 6, fig. 1
Crlstellaria americana CUSHMAN, 1918, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 676, p.
50, pi. 10, fig. 5, 6.
Test lenticular, biumbonate, planlspiral; periphery acute,
slightly keeled; aperture radiate; sutures raised ending in a raised
umbonal area.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1 through FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1
sequences•
Genus: Loxostomum Ehrenberg, 1854
Loxostomum gunteri Cushman
PI. 11, fig. i
Loxostomum gunteri CUSHMAN, 1930, Fla. Geol. Survey Bull. 4, 47, pi.
8, fig. 11.
Test small, elongate, biserial, tapering, slightly compressed;
97
surface ornamented with fine longitudinal costae.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 through FPF-6 sequences.
Genus: Melonls de Montfort, 1808
Melon!s sp.
PI. 12, fig. f
Test planispiral, involute, biumbilicate; periphery rounded;
aperture an elongate interiomarginal, equatorial slit extending
laterally to umbilicae.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Nonionella Cushman, 1926
Nonionella mlocenica Cushman
PI. 12, fig. a
Nonionella miocenica CUSHMAN, 1926, Cushman Lab. Foram,. Research,
Contr., V. 2, pt. 3, p. 64.
Test trochospiral, somewhat compressed; 9-10 chambers in final
whorl; final chamber overhangs the umbilicus forming a bulbous flap.
Occurrence: Rare to few in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1
sequences.
Genus: Polina d'Orbigny, 1839
Polina hexagona (Williamson)
PI. 7, fig. h
98
Entosolenia squamosa Montagu var. hexagona WILLIAMSON, 1848, Annals
and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 2, v. 1, p. 20, pi. 2, fig. 3.
Test small with single ovate, globular chamber; surface
ornamented with coarse, irregularly arranged reticulations; aperture
slightly produced.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Planularia Defrance, 1826
Planularia cf.P. clara Cushman and Jarvis
PI. 7, fig. a
Planularia clara CUSHMAN AND JARVIS, 1929, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Research, Contr., v. 5, pt. 1, p. 7, pi. 2, fig. 14-15.
Test highly compressed; periphery keeled; early stage
planisplral coll, later tending to uncoil; aperture terminal, radiate,
at peripheral angle, with short slit extending down into face of final
chamber.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and AF-3 sequences.
Genus: Plectofrondicularia Liebus, 1902
Plectofrondicularia floridana Cushman
PI. 7, fig. b
Plectofrondicularia floridana CUSHMAN, 1930, Fla. Geol. Survey Bull. n.
4, p. 41, pi. 8, fig. 1.
Test elongate, tapering, compressed, tricarinate; chambers
uniserial with broad inverted U-shape; aperture terminal, radiate.
99
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-3 sequence.
Genus: Pseudopolymorphlna Cushman and Ozawa, 1928
Pseudopolymorphlna rutila (Cushman)
PI. 7, fig. e
Polymorphlna regina Brady, Parker, and Jones var. rutila CUSHMAN,
1923, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 133, p. 34, pi. 5, fig. 7,
8.
Test compressed, elongate, fusiform; short spine at base;
chambers elongate somewhat overlapping; surface ornamented with
longitudinal costae; aperture radiate.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Rosalina d'Orbigny, 1826
Rosalina cavernata (Dorsey)
PI. 9, fig. i-j
Discorbis cavernata DORSEY, 1948, Maryland Dept. Geology, Mines, Water
Resources Bull. 2, p. 311, pi. 37, fig. 2.
Test planoconvex, nearly circular in outline; somewhat
compressed; periphery subacute; umbilicus deeply excavated, stellate,
partially covered by surrounding chamber flaps.
Occurrence: Rare to few in FPF-1 through FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1
sequences•
100
Rosalina cf. ^ floridana (Cushman)
PI. 9, fig. k-l
Discorbis florldanus CUSHMAN, 1922, Carnegie Inst. Washington Bull.
311, p. 39, pi. 5, fig. 11, 12.
Test rotaliform; periphery rounded, somewhat lobate; sutures
incised on umbilical side.
Note: Diagnostic apertural features often obscurred by
recrystallization in Pungo River specimens.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, FPF-6, AF-3, and BBF-1 sequences.
Rosalina globularia d'Orbigny
PI. 10, fig. a-b
Rosalina globularia D'ORBIGNY, 1826, Annales Sci. Nat. History, ser.
1, V. 7, p. 271, pi. 13, fig. 1-4.
Test planoconvex, somewhat compressed; peripheral margin
rounded; chambers few, usually 5 in last formed whorl.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-6 sequence.
Genus: Siphogenerina Schlumberger, 1882
Slphogenerina transversa Cushman
Pi. 9, fig. c
Siphogenerina raphanus (Parker and Jones) var. transversa CUSHMAN,
1918, U. S. Natl. Museum Bull. 103, p. 64, pi. 22, fig. 8.
Test elongate, early stage triserial, later becoming uniserial;
101
Fungo River specimens have a blunt base (indicating megalospheric
generation); chambers slightly inflated, sutures indented with an
inverted U-shape; generally 10-12 longitudinal costae; aperture
terminal, on a short neck with phialine lip.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-2, FPF-3, and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Siphonodosaria Silvestri, 1924
Siphonodosaria sp.
PI. 9, fig. a
Test narrow, smooth, unlserial, arcuate, chambers becoming more
inflated in adult stage; basal spine on proloculus; aperture rounded,
produced on neck bordered by phialine lip; sutures horizontal and
slightly constricted.
Occurrence: Rare in BBF-1 sequence.
Genus: Sphaeroidlna d'Orbigny
Sphaeroldlna bulloides d'Orbigny
PI. 7, fig. j
Sphaeroidlna bulloides D'ORBIGNY, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., v. 7, p. 267,
modele 65.
Test smooth, nearly spherical; chambers few, arranged in
streptospiral coil, each centrally placed over previous aperture,
strongly embracing; aperture semicircular or crescentic, bordered by a
delicate lip, located near sutural contact between 3 previous chambers.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
102
Genus: Spíroplectammtna Cushman, 1927
Splroplectammína míssissipplensls (Cushman)
PI. 6, fig. a
Textularia míssissipplensls CUSHMAN, 1922, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.
Paper 129-E, p. 90, pi. 14, fig. 4.
Test elongate, fairly broad, compressed, finely arenaceous;
periphery acute; Initial stage planispirally coiled, later becoming
biserial.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Stilostomella Guppy, 1894
Stllostomella recta (Palmer and Bermudez)
Pi. 9, fig. b
Ellipsonodosaria recta PALMER AND BERMUDEZ, 1936, Mem. Soc. Cubana
Hist. Nat., V. 10, p. 297, pi. 18, fig. 6, 7.
Test elongate, rectilinear, uniserial; gradually enlarging
subglobular chambers; adult chambers ornamented with short spines along
base; aperture terminal, on a short neck with phialine lip.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Textularia Defrance, in de Blainville, 1824
Textularia agglutinans d'Orblgny
PI. 6, fig. b
Textularia agglutinans D'ORBIGNY, 1839, de la Sagra Histoire... de
I'llle de Cuba, "Foraminiferes" , p. 136, pl. 1, fig. 17, 18,
32-34.
Test elongate, coarsely arenaceous, chambers biserially
arranged. Inflated, slightly tapering; periphery rounded.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, AF-3, and BBF-1 sequences.
Textularia articulara d'Orbigny
PI. 6, fig. c
Textularia articulara D'ORBIGNY, 1846, Foraminferes fossiles du Bassin
Tertlare de Vienne, p. 250, pl. 15, fig. 16-18.
Test elongate, compressed, finely arenaceous; periphery acute,
slightly keeled.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 and FPF-3.
Textularia candeiana d'Orbigny
PI. 6, fig. d
Textularia candeiana D'ORBIGNY, 1839, de la Sagra Histol re...de
I'llle de Cuba, "Foraminiferes", p. 143, Tab. 1, fig. 19, 20.
Test elongate, rapidly flaring; chambers inflated; coarsely
arenaceous; periphery rounded.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, FPF-3, AF-3, and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Trlfarina Cushman, 1923
Trifarlna occidentalis (Cushman)
104
PI. 9, fig. d
Uvigerlna occidentalis CUSHMAN, 1923, U. S. Natl. Museum Bull. 104,
pt. 4, p. 169.
Test small, elongate, triserlal, somewhat triangular in section;
early chambers strongly inflated; longitudinal costae cover early
chambers; aperture terminal, on a short neck with a thickened rim or
lip.
OccurrencerRare in FPF-1 and BBF-1 sequences.
Genus: Uvigerina d'Orbigny
Uvigerina auberiana d'Orbigny
PI. 9, fig. e
Uvigerina auberiana D'ORBIGNY, 1839, In de la Sagra Hi stoire...de
I'llle de Cuba, "Foraminiferes", p. 106, pi. 2, fig. 23, 24.
Test elongate, triserial; chambers strongly inflated, sutures
depressed; characterized by fine, hispid ornamentation; aperture
terminal, produced on neck with phialine lip.
Occurrence: Rare to common in FPF-1 through FPF-6 sequences.
Uvigerina subperegrina Cushman and Kleinpell
PI. 9, fig. f
Uvigerina subperegrina CUSHMAN AND KLEINPELL, 1934, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Research, Contr., v. 10, pt. 1, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 9, 11.
Test fusiform; chambers inflated, ornamented by numerous fine,
longitudinal costae independent from those of previous chambers;
105
aperture terminal, on a short neck with phialine lip; sutures distinct.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1 sequence.
Genus: Valvulineria Cushman, 1926
Valvulineria fleridana Cushman
PI. 10, fig. g-h
Valvulineria florldana CUSHMAN, 1930, Fla. Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p.
54, pi. 10, fig. 6.
Test biconvex, trochospiral, smooth, compressed; periphery
subacute, partially keeled; aperture interiomarginal, umbilical-
extraumbilical with broad thin flap extending over umbilicus.
Occurrence: Rare to common on FPF-1, BBF-1, and BBF-2; common to
abundant in FPF-2, FPF-3, FPF-6, and AF-3 sequences.
Genus: Virgullnella Cushman, 1932
Virgulinella mlocenica (Cushman and Ponton)
Pi. 11, fig. f
Virgulina mlocenica CUSHMAN AND PONTON, 1931, Cushman Lab. Foram.
Research, Contr., v. 7, p. 32, pi. 4, fig. 14-16.
Test elongate, slender, gradually tapering towards both ends;
chambers somewhat Inflated, marked by strongly developed retral
processes extending across sutures; aperture an elongate, narrow slit
extending down face of final chamber.
Occurrence: Rare in FPF-1, BBF-1, and BBF-2 sequences.
106
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113
PLATE 1
Fmig.uGrea-b. loGbloibgigeerriinna praebulloides Blowa. Umbilical view (Core 03-105, 7.50 m)b. Spiralaview (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)c-d. Globigerina pseudociperoensis Blowc. Umbilical view (Core 0B-105, 4.50 m)d. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)e-f. Globigerina tripartita Koche. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)f. Spiral view (core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)g-h. Globigerina Venezuelans Hedbergg. Umbilical view (Core 105, 1.50 m)h. Spiral view (Core 105, 1.50 m)i-j. Globigerina woodi Jenkinsi. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)j. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)k-1. Globigerina angustiumbilicata Bollik. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)l. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)juvenilis Bolli
Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)
each scale line 100 microns
114
PLATE 1
115
PLATE 2
Figure
a-b. Globlgerlnoides obliquas obliquas Bolli
a. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 7.50 m)
b. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
c-d. Globigerinoides quadrilobatus altiapertura Bolli
c. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
d. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
e-f. Globigerinoides quadrilobatus praeimmaturus Brbnnimann and Resig
e. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)
f. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
g-h. Globigerinoides quadrilobatus primordius Blow and Banner
g. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 7.50 m)
h. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 7.50 m)
i-j. Globigerinoides quadrilobatus sacculifer (Brady)
i. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
j. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
k-1. Globigerinoides quadrilobatus triloba (Reuss)
k. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
l. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
each scale line = 100 microns
115
PLATE 2
c PLATE 3Figurea-b..GloGk.b.loigbiegreirninooidideess sicanus praesicanus Bronnimann and Resia. Umbilical view (Core OB-131, 3.00 m)b. Spiral view (Core OB-131, 6.59 m)sicanus sicanus de StephaniUmbilical view (Core OB-131, 3.00 m)d-e. Globigerinoides subquadratus Bronnimannd. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)e. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)f-g. Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez)f. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m) ,g. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 7.50 m)h-i. Catapsydrax stainforthi Bolll, .Loebllch, and Tappanh. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)i. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 ra)j-k.. Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loebllch, and Tappanj. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
each scale line = 100 microns
118
PLATE 3
119
PLATE 4
Figure
a-b. Globoquadrlna altispira altispira (Cushman and Jarvis)
a. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
b. Edge view (Core OB-105, 1.50 ra)
c-d. Globoquadrina altispira globosa Bolli
c. Umbilical view (Core OB-59, 7.80-8.20 m)
d. Edge view (Core OB-59, 5.89-6.00 m)
e-f. Globoquadrina baroemoenensis (LeRoy)
e. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
f. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
g-h. Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapmann, Parr, and Collins)
g. Umbilical view (Core OB-132, 2.50 m)
h. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
i-j. Globoquadrina larmeui larmeui Akers
i. Umbilical view (Core OB-48, 4.75-5.00 m)
j. Spiral view (Core OB-48, 2.25-2.50 m)
k-1. Globigerinita glutinata (Egger)
k. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
l. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
m. Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg)
Edge view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
each scale line = 100 microns
120
PLATE 4
>
V
121
PLATE 5
kFi.gOurea-b. rbCuaslisntgerinella chlpolensis (Cushman and Ponton)a. Side view (Core OB-105, 9.10 m)b. Side view (Core OB-105, 9.10 m)c-d. Globoraotalia birnageae Blowc. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)d. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)e-f. Globorotalia fohsi péripherotonda Blow and Bannere. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 7.50 m)f. Spiral view (Core OB-129, 4.00 m)g-h. Globorotalia obesa Bollig. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)h. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)i-j. Globorotalia opima nana Bollii. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)j. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)universa d'Orbigny
Side view (Core OB-131, 3.00m)
1-m. Globorotalia siakensis Leroy
l. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
m. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
each scale line = 100 microns
122
PLATE 5
123
PLATE 6
Figure
a. Spiroplectammina mississippiensis (Cushman)
Side view (Core OB-132, 3.50 m)
b. Textularia agglutinans d'Orbigny
Side view (Core OB-132, 2.50 m)
c. Textularia articulaba d'Orbigny
Side View (Core OB-132, 4.10 m)
d. Textularia candeiana d'Orbigny
Side view (Core OB-132, 2.50 m)
e. Bolivinopsis fairhavenensis Gibson
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
f. Astacolus cf. ^ dubius (Neugeboren)
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
g. Astacolus sp.
Side view (Core OB-129, 2.50 m)
h. Lagena cf. L. laevis (Montagu)
Side view (Core OB-53, 1.25-1.50 m)
i. Lagena cf. palmerae McLean
Side view (Core OB-53, 1.25-1.50 m)
j. Lagena pseudosulcata McLean
Side view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
k. Lagena substriata Williamson
Side view (Core OB-103, 5.90 m)
l. Lenticulina americana americana (Cushman)
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
each scale line 100 microns
124
PLATE 6
PLATE 7
Figure
a. Planularla cf. P. clara Cushman and Jarvis
Side view (Core OB-127, 8.00 m)
b. Plectofrondicularia fleridana Cushman
Side view (Core OB-129, 4.00 m)
c. Globulina gibba d'Orbigny
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
d. Globulina inaequalis Reuss
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
e. Pseudopolymorphina rutila (Cushman)
Side view (Core OB-105, 7.50 m)
f. Guttulina sp.
Side view (Core OB-45, 3.00-3.25 m)
g- Estorffina mayi (Cushman and Parker)
Side view (Core OB-104, 4.50 m)
h. Oolina hexagona (Williamson)
Side view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
Í. Fissurina lucida (Williamson)
Side view (Core OB-127, 4.00 m)
j. Sphaeroidina bulloides d'Orbigny
Apertural view (Core OB-59, 7.80-8.20 m)
each scale line = 100 microns
126
PLATE 7
127
PLATE 8
Figure
a. Bultminella cf. ^ brevior Cushman
Side view (Core OB-127, 7.00 ra)
b. Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny)
Side view (Core OB-45, 3.00-3.25
c. Bolivina advena Cushman
Side view (Core OB-132, 3.50 m)
d. Bolivina calvertensis Dorsey
Side view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)
e. Bolivina floridana Cushman
Side view (Core OB-127, 7.00 m)
f. Bolivina marginara multicostata Cushman
Side view (Core OB-45, 0.75^1.00 m)
g* Bolivina paula Cushman and Cahill
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.2 5-3.60 m)
f. Bolivina cf. B. subdillatata Pishvanova
Side view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)
!• Bulimina elongata d'Orbigny
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.2 5-3.60 m)
j* Bulimina striata mexicana Cushman
Side view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)
R. Cassidulinoides bradyi (Norman)
Side view (Core OB-127, 7.00 m)
1. Islandiella so.
Side view (Core OB-105, 7.50 m)
each scale line 100 microns
128
PLATE 8
PLATE 9
Figure
a. Siphonodosaria sp.
Side view (Core OB-45, 0.75-1.00 m)
b. Stilostomella recta (Palmer and Bremudez)
Side view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
c. Siphogenerina transversa Cushman
Side view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)
d. Trifarina occidentalis (Cushman)
Side view (Core OB-131, 3.00 m)
e. Uvigerina auberiana d'Orbigny
Side view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
f. Uvigerina subperegrina Cushman and Kleinpell
Side view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
g. Dk..iscorbis bassleri (Cushman and Cahill)Umbilical view (Core OB-132, 1.50 m)h. Epistominella danvillensis Howe and WallaceUmbilical view (Core OB-105, 4.50 m)i-j. Rosalina cavernata (Dorsey)i. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)j. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 4.50 ra)K.-Í. Rosalina cf. R. floridana (Cushman)Umbilical view (Core OB-45, 4.75-5.00 m)
l. Spiral view (Core )B-45, 4.7 5-5.00 m)
each scale line = 100 microns
130
PLATE 9
131
PLATE 10
Figure
a-b. Rosallna globularis d;0rbigny
a. Umbilical view (Core OB-45, 0.75-1.00 m)
b. Spiral view (Core OB-45, 0.75-1.00 m)
c-d. Baggina sp.
c. Umbilical view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
d. Spiral view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
e-f. Cancris sagra (d'Orbigny)
e. Umbilical view (Core OB-129, 4.00 m)
f. Spiral view (Core OB-129, 2.50 m)
g-h. Valvulineria fleridana Cushman
g. Umbilical view (Core 0B-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
h. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
i. Elphidium excavatum (Terquem) .
Side view (Core OB-45, 0.7 5-1.00 m)
j. Eponides cf. ^ répandus (Fichtel and Moll)
Umbilical view (Core OB-59, 4.75-5.00 m)
k-1. Cibicides americanus (Cushman)
k. Umbilical view (Core OB-45, 3.00-3.25 m)
l. Spiral view (Core OB-45, 3.00-3.25 m)
each scale line = 100 microns
132
PLATE 10
133
PLATE 11
Figure
a-b. Clbicides floridanus (Cushman)
a. Umbilical view (Core OB-45, 3.00-3.25 m)
b. Spiral view (Core OB-45, 3.00-3.25 m)
c-d. Cibicldes lobatulus (Walker and Jacob)
c. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
d. Spiral view (Core OB-48, 2.25-2.50 m)
e. Cassidella sp.
Side view (Core OB-132, 1.50 m)
f. Virgulinella miocenica (Cushman and Ponton)
Side view (Core OB-53, 2.75-3.00 m)
g. Fursenkoina fusiformis (Williamson)
Side view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
h. Fursenkoina sp.
Side view (Core OB-132, 2.00 m)
i. Loxostomum gunteri Cushman
Side view (Core OB-105, 1.50 m)
j* Globocassullna crassa (d'Orbigny)
Side view (Core OB-127, 7.00 m)
each scale line 100 microns
134
PLATE 11
9
aFf.i.gMNuroeenlolonnieslla
135
PLATE 12
miocenica Cushman
Side view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
b-c. Florilus grateloupi (d'Orbigny)
b. Umbilical view (Core OB-132, 1.50 m)
c. Spiral view (Core OB-129, 5.50 m)
d-e. Florilus pizzarensis (Berry)
d. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
e. Spiral view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
sp.
Side view (Core OB-127, 8.00 m)
g-h. Hanzawaia concéntrica (Cushman)
g. Umbilical view (Core OB-50, 3.25-3.60 m)
h. Spiral view (Core OB-50, ,3.25-3.60 m)
each scale line 100 microns
13 6
PLATE 12
Appendix A
Summary of Benthic Foramlniferal Data
Obtained from Core Samples
CORK- on-Ai
ri PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
00
o>
r-l
Ul *• RELATIVE AnilNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENT
U (ti
u\ OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTED
Ui P
(-) EQUITABILITY (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)lVSECRATICLAELzSAMPLE W t/1U (Ùhi •il stn •M tni/i XO DBIVEELRTSITY IKS) e»í2)/sKICCxi BENTHICIh 0 10 20 30 AO 50 60 70 80 90 .1001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1- 1 II- 2- 3 •- A_ 5 • f—I B A R R E NPm<_ 6- 7 •- 8- 9 n1- A-2-
3- 6- 138
il“ Holocene 11“ Bottom of core
L.CORE- 0B-¿i2r4 PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES00cnlU a REUTIVE ABUNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu6 H OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDUJ in?J § (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)<¡ w or H COU ?J w H ^in in H :=)I Q to O' inu til< H P5O s: CJ wM in Ht-i ww ac/1 lUpq w 10 40 50 60 70 80 90 100I I I I L.
lu
cq BARREN
OQ
ib.
ii
139
P“ Pleistocene B" Bottom of core
L CORE- OB-43ri PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIESCOcnw P a RELATIVE ABUNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTOsS M M OF TOTAL NUraER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDl/l pp?4 tl) ^ oife H (PLOTTED CUIRJLATIVELY)< w O' wo w lo H ^Ui El CO H ^ :d .«-s• O CO c/ wO fUc s O¿ PÎU H CJ 0)to • HH H 1/1 E tnpti »tn S w ëa (p Mpi (P 0 10 20 30 AO 50 60 70 80 90 100I I I I I 1 \ L J L
_H_
1 • 1.70 0.39 © © I I CÎ) I others
I I I I
2 • rH Î ? Î Î
3 • PQ
(P
4 •
5
B
6
7
8
9
1- Bollvlna paula A- Valvullnerla florldana
2- Florllus plzzarenaia
"X P«»l Omrt
II- Holocene D- Bottom of core
CORE- OB-A4
M PREnOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
CO
a\ p
Pi a REUTIVE ABUNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu
OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTED
M w
p4 (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)
< M O- H C/3
u n H ^
c/1 I/) H to ^§ P M O' 1/3kJ O Pa w
< u « pc
u 51 pi H U 0)
w H
V* «
pi P4
!?' m p«
PO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
I I I I I I I I I —1-
1
2
3
BARREN
A
5
6
7
8
9
5-
6- 141
Ii“ Bottom of core
L CORE- OB-45ri PREDOhrtHANT BENTIIIC SPECIESCOOYfHn W S a REIATTVR AninmANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu oíhi hH M OE TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDw « to.j Pi 9 (PLOTTED ClliniLATIVELY).i: O' H too ?-1 n to y H ^to Pi tn hH p ^P to O toii OCO u ^ ” pu h-l U OJM to • hHhi to wfiiI-' io T. w ^-4o fO MP 10 100
• 1.99 0.49
— 1
2
vO
3 • 1.99 0,43-
F*
4
• 2.04 0.33
— 5
6
B
- 7
- 8
- 9
]- Val xnilínerla florldana 4- Biillmlnella el eirantlssIma
2- Bollvlna paula 1-
,
3- Cihlcldea amerIcaniia 6-
II- BoLLorn of core
I’- ri ülstocL-ne n= nottom of core
CORE- OR-Afl
ri PREOOmUANT RENTIIIC SPECIES
CT)
o\
>• a REIATIVE AniRinANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTU H
tiï M OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTED
hi W P l/l
? 1 n P4 (PLOTTED CUiniLATIVELY)
.í: w O- «
CJ ?-1 P) w y H t/lM ^
Ln 6) l/l M ^ PP W O' W
Îî O p< P4 ^
< t/) M U tí W
u 5Î M O QJ
H l/l M
H h! t/1 w
P Í?
í'! l/l P KO P Ml
tó «
p4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-L I L L. J L
- 1
S
_ 2 2 • 23 \ ©
- 3 others
©
-
ri
1 2.18 0.47
U.
_ 5 h*
hi
_ 6
- 7
- H
- ‘J
1- Valviil Inerla fl or Llana Bollvlna paula
2- llanzawala concéntrica
J- Clbiclcles amerIcaniis 6-
11= Bottom of core
CORE- OB-49
ri PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
CO
cn
f-4
a REUTIVE ABIfNnANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTPfi H
hi OF TOTAL HlliniER OF SPECIMENS COUNTED
P to
S (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)w H to
5to y
M
SCALE ei H P ^p to O' toS! C»11/1 o rtí œIRTICAL H O 0)(tí Hwhi hio Pi hi
« P
M- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
JL I I I I I I
1
2
3
4 -BARRENri567891- 4-
3-
11^ Holocene B“ Bottom of core
CORE- on-50
Ln PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIESCOtn a REIATIVE AnilNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu M OF TOTAL NIIMRER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDUi (.1 inP PÍ (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)-it Ui O' cnu ?J p]in Cl C/Í ¡3 ^P lO O lOr-l u W ^?i in n u tí PCn U 0)^ -i in* M\ < hi I w(.* U) h!I’i in M «*^4fn « 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100I I I
1
2
I I
3 2.01 0.35 © © © j 0 j © |®| other
/. I I
'JD
I 7 7
5 M.P4
Ui
6
7
H
'J
1- Bol Ivina paula Valviillnerla floridana
Lentlcullna americana americana Clblcldes americanus
Biilimlnella el epant 1 sslma 6- ? llanzaual a rnncpnfrlra 146
Holocene D= Rootum of core
CORK- on-51
ri PREnomUANT BEtrnilC SPECIES
CO
r. a RELATIVE AH-IIUDANCR EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu Pir. PJ M OF TOTAL NIIHRER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDw w o tou ^ Pi H (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)-i; w O' « toU tí W tí Hin Bi lO D r-sQ to O' toíi O tí W ^tn M • pcu SI S£ H U Û)M to • p Mf-» hi totí W Bi PC*?<_tí to Wpq Wpo 10 20 30 40 50 f)0 70 80 90 100I I I I
1
2
3
4
BARREN
5 I
lu
6
7
8
9
4-
2- Jipi.
3- 6-
P= Pleistocene ll^ Bottom of core
CORE- od-52
PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
'n a RELATIVE ABHHDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENT
SNYrE? ,1982) M OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNIEDfiJ H§ (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)t/5u M1/) ei.-Í•i U)uf •fiiy SEEQIUSEMNCICE (SF.RWO.MP. DBIVEENRTSHITY r>H(S) O' t/îw ^wO OJIC HWf:!^ •«U} 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1\
R
..
- 1 •
- 2
•
- 3 1
• 0.79 0.20 © 1 @
- 4 '1
1 otliers1
5 1 1_
«
— 6 p:)
- 7
- 8
- 9
B
1- C it) ic 1 ties '1oridanus 4-
2- Cil)lci(les anierlcatius
3- 6- 148
P= I’leistocene 11=‘ IlotCom of core
L C0R1Î- 011-53CN| PREDOHINAMT BENTHIC SPECIESCOO'»f-lÜ w - K a RELATIVE ABUNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu p;MJ M M OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDw W P tohJ tJ ^ Pi §H (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)•Í Ui O' too kJ w in Hto ei CO M P ^P to O tohJ O pu W•<: CO U pcU O OJH HH «fiiid wp 0 10 20 30 Í0 50 60 70 80 90 1001 I I I I I I\L 1
- 1 1.10 0.23
2
1.11 0.22
3
r^ 1.23 0.21
I
u.
«
w 1.15 0.23
5 1.22 0.31
1.33 0.25
1- Bol Ivina paula
2- liu 1 im iiiel la olüp,ant Iss Ima
I'lorlliis i)l7.z;ireiisls 6- 140
II III! I nci'IH! I!” I’ot. lorn of coro
COKE- 011-54
rj PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
0»
f~{
r. a REtATIVK AnmiDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTIJ o;
h) h-i OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUN'IEI)
Ui W Q lO
H-) P Pi (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)
W o H to
u ?-J MJ > H ^
1/Î Cl Ll h-i P /-Ncu to O' to
:.! U p4 v_-' W
•tí t/3 U si PC
u M U Oi
M K « hH
H hi to h pc
iii u\ H
in u P
o fO M
oi PO
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
J I 1 I I L J I L
BARREN
1- 4-
Ln
3- 6- O
ll^’ Holocene P“ Pleistocene B“ Bottom of core
CORE- 011-57
PREDOMINANT BENTIIIC SPECIES
CO
o\
f-i P
w R a RELATIVE AniINDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERnîNTU pî
M M OF TOTAL NlimiER OF SPECIMENS COUNIED
w n 10
?J Pi
k H to (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)< W O
U W t/1
V) Cl M ^
O CO O' 10
U 'w/' w ^
CO U K rc
O M (J a>
Hi CO • M
H tO w
Pi w I
CO ^5: w b
O pq uJ
Pi PO
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ]00
I I I I I L
1
'X)
2 I
3
4
BARREN
5
6
7
I
U4
8 li;
9
3-
II» IloLtüiii of core
lJ CORE- 011-59PREDOMINANT BEN'HIIC SPECIESCOo> Kw - a RELATIVE AnUNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTU uA Hr: lii OF TOTAL NlllfflER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDU} n p inhJ piEs (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)<< w o H tPu yA w to Htn ei t/1 M to ^Q 1/1 O' c/l;ü O p. Nw-/ Ul< in o W wCJ Hi U 0)M 1/1 •H hi t/l Sf»î '''it] to S^ WO (O wP4 pqu. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100I I I I I
1
2
3
4
1.06 0.26
5
1.91 0.35
6 1 others
« 1.53 0.29
7 «
#
8 2.15 0.39
9
]- Bollvlna paula Clblcldes americanus
lluHinlnel la elegantlsslina Valvoillnerla florlJaiia
3- Clblcldes florldanus 6- Lentlcullna americana americana 152
P^ PIe1Btocene 8= Rottom of core
CORE- OIi-92
r-J PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
CO
o^
ri
Ui a RELATIVE AnmiDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu PÎ
H M OF TOTAL NIIMIIER OF SPECIMENS COUNTED
w Í4 (3 la
ap p p45feb(PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)<; w O' toU h-i Ui w Min ta M t3 ^a! o O to•J u< in M • Ü wu 5: p M U 0)M la • HH n to wUi w gin T^. W gO FO Qp4 FO-10 20 30 4 0 50 60 70 80 90 100J L J L I I I I Lrs|IPhP3 0.21 0.210.47 0.18- 8- 91- Bollvlna paula2-
1- 6- 153
11= Holocene Bottom of core
CORE- 011-94
PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
00
K RELATIVE AnONDAMCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTtil
y* lij M OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTED
w W P to
p p Pi
U f to (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)?i; o-
O .-1 W p H
8i to M :=>Q to O' to
U
-t; I/) K^ • u
u H U 4)
M Ul • H
H H to
nî I w
in S w K
o W
p4 PO
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
I I I 1 I I I I I L
1 IlIlF-l 1.20 0.28 © © others
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1- Bollvlna paula
nuUmluella elegant 1 saima
3- 6- 154
11“ Holocene B“ Bottom of core
LCOKE- 011-99ri PREDOMINANT BENlllIC SPECIESCO03w • a RELATIVE AnmiDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTU PÎPI M M OF TOTAL NIIMllER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDw PI « lOp p Pi< O' is to (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)u .J W to y Mm 64 lO P ^o to O lOO<< n • o au 51 pE H O 0)H lO • (El HH M to mPi By to 51 w Bo PQ P4Pi PP 10 20 30 AO 50 60 70 80 90 100I I I I I
1
2
3
,îî
4
g
o
5
u
o
6
7
8
9
1- A-
2-
16- L/1U»
B= liottom of core
L CORlî- OH-103rj PRCnOMIHANT BENTHIC SPECIESCO»-< K RELATIVE AHimnANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTP* K ali) M.M OF TOTAL NIIMHER OF SPECIMENS COUNTCDw O LOH-l (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)'Î w H WU h4 M ^l/^ Bi MO Ln O' to?J W w•i t/î U :i: wU CJ <uM MH H Pi!?' Ul ëPI wPP 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ionI I
1
2
3 I
lu
ÇU
4 lu \ \
5 1.85 0.40
\
®
6 1.76 0.34 \g)'^/ °'''’"'
7
8
9
1- Ho1Ivlna paula Florllua plzzarensla
2- Valviil Iner la florldana Hanzawala concéntrica
3- 156Hullmlnella elegantlssima 6-
11= Holocene B“ Bottom of core
n= Ilottom of core
L cor)í:- on-123n PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIESCOo» hf-4w a RELATIVE ABUNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu Í «M Mp U1 OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNIEDM toD hU (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)< w O' tou w Ui Hc/1 LT M /-N P• P to O' to1-1 •?. U P4 w< C/l H U 3Í PCu p: M u 01M in • HH hi CO H ww Ir,t.' CO wo p MP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100I I I I I I L
- 1 •
- 2
- 3 • £
(U
4 rH— BARREN
0
5 01
>
•H
- 6 in
#
-* 7
B
- 8
- 9
4-
3-
))= Bottom of core
1LCORE- on-125PREDOMIHAHT BENTHIC SPECIESCOo> r. a RELATIVE ABlINnANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTM M OF TOTAL NllintER OF SPECIMENS COUNIEDUi inw § in (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)?i;Om M /-N t) ^P in O' inÇU W win u S3 wu :3 M O 0)H HH in B3fïití s Q go « Mcti Pu* 10 20 30 AO 50 60 70 80 90 100I I I I I I L
1
2 &
3 Ü
o BARREN
u
A u
o
5
6
7
8
9
A-
159
B= lioLtom of core ||= Holocene
CORK-on-126
lJr4 PREnOMIHANT BENTHIC SPECIESCOCT\ Hll Ui - a REIATIVE ABIINnANCE EXPRESREP AS PERCENTU pi« pi M OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDw « toPi^ (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)< w or y H toU hJ W > H ^(/Î Et to H ^• P to O' toU p4 w ^< C/) n • u fCU M O 01M tn • y HH H to H tcPi to U, Hin T. P] ko CO P4Pi 0 in 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100JL I I I I
1 •
- 2
- 3
•
0
- 4 pL,
0)
5 • CTl
•u
M
6 (U— >
•H
- 7 • to
- 8
- 9 B
1-
6- 160
11^ Bottom of core
CORE- OB-127
L PREDOinNANT BENTHIC SPECIESo>f-C a REUTIVE ARIINDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTp« OF TOTAL NDHBER OF SPECIMENS COUNTED4] w (4 1/3kJ Pi (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)< J*! O' 53 H wU .4 W l/> HlA ei tT H PP O 10i-i Oc c/3 M • U wu 2: 2£ rH O 4;M c/3 • HH HC t/3 rc!>•. l;i #-*1-i 2- 43 g§ P 4Ip4^ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100J I I
1
2
3
A
2.17 0.42 y /
5
Mh 2.37 0.38 others
6
@
7 2.6A 0.47
8
2.22 0.37
9
1- Biilimíncna eleRantlsslma A- Florllua pizzarensls
Eplstomdnella danvlllensls 5 Dollvlna paula
3- Valvullnerla f1orldana
11= Holocene 8=^ Bottom of core 161
CORK- 011-129
ri PREDOMINANT BENTllIC SPECIES
00
en
r-i
t»J - r: a RELATIW. AnmiDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTO Pi
u\ t-i M OF TOTAL NDMllER OF SPECItfENS COUNTED
PI UJ Q in
t> >< Pi
^ (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)< W O* lU H tn
u k4 w ^ H ^
in LO M ^ p ^
Q in O' in
O ft, w ^
< LO H ? u tii pc
u s: pt H O OJ
M LO • M
H M V) H w
Pi w H
l/l ^X Pi 15
O « Pi
Pi Pi
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1 J I I L J L
2.38 0.45
2.21 0.48
2.13 0.44
11
Collvlna Florlluapaula plzzarensls
Valvullnerla florldana
llanzawala concéntrica 162
11= Holocene B“ Bottom of core
lL CORE-ob-130ri PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIESa)OicHJiJ a RELATIVE ABUNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTu ft: Hpj M OF TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COUNIEDw w « tot3 ^ Pi g (PLOTTED CUMULATIVELY)<; M O' K toO k4 n to Mto to H DQ to O* 10kJ ?Í Uto H • U Pi wu s: D: M oH to • HH V-i to tCÍíí w » -4to 2^: w Ëo p) Mtó P)ti-. 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100J I
1
2
P4 BARREN
3 B:
4
5
6
7
8
9
1-
2- 5-
6- 163
11=» Holocene B=* Bottom of core
CORE-OB-131
ri PREDOMINANT BENTHIC SPECIES
CO
03
rH H
n M - U REIATIVE ABirNDANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTVw* U PÎ M
i". M M M OF TOTAL NIIMRER 01^ SPECIMENS COUNTED
W « CO
?J PÎ 3
H (PLOTTED CUlfULATIVELY)«í w O' Ss la
U W la H ^
tn Pj lO M ^ tD
• O CO O CO
U W ^
-t: CO u rt PC
u M CJ 0)
M C/) • M
H H to F w
píí
in Ui g
Q iO W
Pi
20 30 AO 50 f)0 70 80 90 100
1111 I I\I L
1
P
2
3 • 1.60 0.44
A
t
5
<!
6
• 1.99 0.38
7 B
8
9
1- ClhicJdes nnierlcanua Clhlcldealobatulua
2- Va 1 vulliipr ia florIdann
3- Bolivltia paula 6-
P=* Pleistocene B“ Bottom of core
L CORIÎ- on-132ri PREnOHINANT BENTllIC SPECIESooo> St»-* a REIATIVE ABimnANCE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTHM OF TOTAL NIIMIIER OF SPECIMENS COUNTEDUi O CO.-J Pî g (PLOTTED CUIOJLATIVELY)< w líí WU w H ^tn 8) t/) M ^ ro ^O CO O' COy Utn M • O teU 51 rî H L) 01H t/î • MH CO teW ^1‘' CO p1O PQ 41Pi PO 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100I I —L-
1
2.54 0.53
2 2.37 0.49
I 2.66 0.49 ©
3 others
Ua
2.55 0.44
A 2.36 0.51
5
6
7
8
9
Bullinlnella elegantlsslma 4- Dlscorbls basslerl
2- Florlliis plzzarensis 5-
3- Bollvlna paula 6- 165
11= Holocene B= Bottom of core
166
Appendix B
Sedimentary Description of Sand Fraction
in Core Samples
167
Appendix B. Sedimentary description of sand fraction in core samples.
The following data is expressed as percentage of 100 randomly
counted grains in the sand-sized fraction. P/B ratios are also
presented. The headings are abbreviated as follows:
Biotic
F0R= Foraminifers
0ST= Ostracods
RAD= Radiolarians
DIA= Diatoms
SPIC= Spicules
ECH= Echinoid fragments
M0L= Mollusk fragments
BRY= Bryozoan fragments
BAR= Barnacle fragments
Lithic
PH0S = Phosphate
QTZ= Quartz
C/D= Calcite/doloraite
GLAU= Glauconite
MICA= Mica
OTH= Other
*= Sample barren of foraminifera
Y= Yorktown Formation
S = Silverdale Formation
CORE DEPTH SEISMIC P/8 BIOTIC LimiC
(id) SEQUENCE RATIO FOR OST RAD DIA SPIC EQl IIOL BAR OlH Piios QT2 C/D cuu MICA OIH
OB-41 3.50-3.75 AF-2 è 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 97 0 0 0 2
OB-41 5.00-5.25 AF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 97 0 0 0 1
OB-41 7.00-7.25 AF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 0 0 0 10
OB-A2 1.25-1.50 BBF-l É 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 1 0 0 72
OB-62 3.00-3.25 BBF-1 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 78 0 3 2 16
OB-42 4.50-4.75 BBF-l * 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 78 0 4 0 16
OB-42 6.00-6.25 BBF-1 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 73 0 3 0 23
OB-42 6.50-6.75 BBF-l * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 50 0 2 3 60
OB-43 1,00-1.25 BBF-1 Il 306 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 2 68
OB-63 2.00-2.25 BBF-l * 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 54 0 1 0 43
OB-63 3.00-3.25 BBF-l É 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 66 0 1 6 3C
OB-63 4.00-4.25 BBF-1 à 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 1 5 37
OB-4 4 1.75-2.00 AF-1 à 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 1 80 0 0 1 1
OB-66 3.75-4.00 AF-1 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 75
OB-6A 5.50-5.75 AF-1 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 96 1 0 0 • 0
OB-4 5 0.75-1.00 FPF-6 1:20 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 63 0 26 2 0 0 0
OB-6 5 3.00-3.25 FPF-6 1:2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 95 0 0 0 0
OB-4 5 4.75-5.00 FPF-6 1:6 1 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 95 0 0 0 0
OB-46 2.75-3.00 FPF-5 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0
OB-46 5.00-5.25 FPF-5 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 98 0 0 0 0
OB-66 7.00-7.25 FPF-5 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 96 0 0 0 0
OB-48 1.25-1.50 FPF-3 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 93 0 0 0 2
OB-68 2.25-2.50 FPF-3 1:5 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 91 0 0 0 1
OB-48 4.75-5.00 FPF-3 1:5 2 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 6 90 0 0 0 0
OB-68 6.25-6.50 FPF-3 * 0 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 1 99 0 0 0 0
OB-48 7.50-8.00 FPF-3 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 97 2 0 0 0
OB-49 1.50-1.75 FTF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 95 0 0 l 2
OB-6 9 3.50-3.75 FPF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0
OB-69 6.00-6.25 FPF-2 » 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 97 0 0 1 0
OB-69 8.90-9.12 FPF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 96 2 0 0 0
OB-50 3.25-3.60 FPF-6 1:2 3 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 4 88 0 0 0 0
OB-50 4.43-4.75 FPF-6 * 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 2 92 0 0 0 • 0
OB-50 5.75-6.00 FPF-6 é 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 0 3 32 0 0 2 20
OB-51 3.00 AF-1 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 91 0 0 0 l
OB-51 6.00 AF-1 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 80 0 0 0 11
OB-52 1.25-1.50 BBF-l * 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 3 2 39 1 0 2 0
OB-52 2.70-3.00 BBF-l * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 97 0 0 0 1
OB-52 3.75-4.00 BBF-1 1:25 8 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 2 82 0 0 1 c
OB-53 1.25-1.50 BBF-1 1:89 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 4 66 0 0 0 0
OB-53 2.75-3.00 BBF-1 1:69 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 83 0 0 0 0
OD-53 3.30-3.50 BBF-1 1:64 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 20 76 0 0 0 0
OB-53 6 .75-5.00 BBF-1 1:78 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 72 0 0 0 0
OB-53 5.25-5.50 BBF-l 1:100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 76 0 0 0 1
OB-53 6.25-6.50 BBF-1 1:103 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 70 0 0 0 0
OB-56 2.25 FPF-1 É 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 91 0 1 0 1
OB-56 3.00 FPF-1 * 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 92 0 0 0 0
OB-54 3.50 FPF-1 * 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 93 0 0 0 0
2
OB-57 0.75-1.00 FPF-6 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 97 0 0 0
OB-57 3.25-3.50 FPF-6 É 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 96 0 0 0 3
OB-57 5.25-5.50 FPF-5 É 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 97 0 0 1 0 168
OB-57 8.25-8.50 FPF-5 * 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 92 0 0 6
CORE DEPTH SEISMIC P/B DIÜTIC LITÍIIC
<m) SEQUEílCE RATIO FOR ÜST RAD DIA SPIC ECH MOL BRÏ BAS OTH PIIOS QIZ C/D CLAU MICA OIH
OB-59 4.75-5.00 BBF-1 1:9 9 0 0 0 0 3 54 7 5 o o 22 O O o o
OB-59 5.89-6.00 BBF-1 1:4 1 0 0 0 0 0 A O o o o 94 O O 1 o
OB-59 6.75-7.00 BBF-1 1:6 4 0 0 0 0 0 35 O o o o 58 O O 3 o
OB-59 7 .80-8.20 BBF-l 1:10 4 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 o o 2 82 O 2 o o
ÜB-92 4.00 BBF-2 A 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 O o o 3 94 o o o o
OB-92 5.50 BBF-2 1:307 1 0 0 0 0 0 (f o o o 1 98 o o o o
OB-92 6.00 BBF-2 1:101 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 O o o 1 97 o o o o
OB-94 1.00 BBF-1 1:55 1 0 0 0 0 0 O o o o 46 56 o o o o
OB-99 5.00 ïr * 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 o o o o 98 o o o o
OB-103 1.00 FPF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 O o o o 1 96 1 o o 2
ÜB-103 2.00 FPF-2 « 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 1 95 2 O Ü 2
OB-103 3.00 FPF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 2 97 O O o’ 1
0B-103 4.00 FPF-2 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 2 96 1 o o 1
OB-103 5.00 FPF-2 li77 1 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 2 97 O o o o
OB-103 5.90 FPF-2 1:17 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 3 97 o o o o
OB -105 1.50 FPF-1 1:2 9 0 0 0 0 3 o o o o 2 85 o 1 o o
OB-105 4.50 FPF-1 1:2 3 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 5 90 O o o 2
OB-105 7.50 FPF-1 1:1 2 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 3 92 o o 1 1
OB-105 9.10 FPF-1 1:2 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 O o o 2 87 o o 1 o
OB-123 1.00 S * 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o O 98 o O 1 o
Ofl-123 3.00 S * 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o O 100 O o o o
üfl-123 4.50 S A 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o O 96 o 1 2 1
OB-123 6.70 S A 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o O 98 o o 1 o
OB-125 1.50 ÏÎ A 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 O o o 3 93 o o o o
OB-125 4.50 ÏÎ A 0 0 0 0 0 1 29 O o o 2 68 o o o o
OB-126 1.00 S A 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 O o o o 95 o o 1 o
OB-126 3.50 s A 1 0 0 0 0 0 O O o 1 1 95 o o 1 1
OB-126 5.00 s A 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O o o 1 99 O O o o
OB-126 7.00 s A 2 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 2 96 o O o o
OB-127 3.50 FPF-1 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 16 84 O O o o
OB-127 4.50 FPF-1 1:9 2 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 9 89 o o o o
OB-127 5.50 FPF-1 1:5 1 0 0 0 0 2 o o o o 6 90 o O 1 o
OB-127 7.00 FPF-1 1:1 2 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 1 97 o o o o
OB-127 8.00 FPF-1 1:1 5 0 0 0 0 1 o o o o 3 91 O o o o
OB-129 2.50 FPF-3 1:1 3 0 0 0 0 4 o o o o O 92 o O o 1
OB-129 4.00 FPF-3 1:1 4 1 0 0 0 1 o o o o 2 92 O o o o
OB-129 5.50 FPF-3 1:6 2 0 0 0 0 1 o o o o 5 91 o o o 1
OB-129 7.00 FPF-a A 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 4 95 1 o o o
OB-130 1.00 FPF-1 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o O 98 o o 2 o
OB-130 3.00 FPF-l A 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o O 100 o o o o
OB-131 3.00 AF-3 1:4 8 0 0 0 0 0 23 1 3 o o 64 o o o 1
0D-I31 4.50 AF-3 A i 0 0 0 0 0 10 o o o 1 18 o o o 70
OB-131 6.59 AF-3 1:10 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 o o o 1 84 o o o o
OB-132 1.50 FPF-1 1:1 1 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o O 99 o o o o
OB-132 2.00 FPF-1 1:1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 o o o o 96 o o o o
OB-132 2.50 FFF-1 1:1 3 0 0 0 0 1 o o o o O 94 o o 2 1
OB-132 3.50 FPF-1 1:1 2 0 0 0 0 2 o o o o O 94 o o o 2
OB-132 4.10 PPF-l 1:3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 o o o O 95 o o 2 o
Appendix C
Species Range Chart
Central Onslow Bay
171
Appendix C. Species range chart, Central Onslow Bay.
Planktonic foraminifera are presented in the first part, benthic
foraminifera in the second part. Species are grouped by genera that
are arranged alphabetically. Abbreviations are as follows:
Planktonic foraminifera
R= Rare, <3%
F= Few, 3-15%
C= Common, 15-30%
A= Abundant, >30%
Benthic foraminifera
Expressed as percentage of total foraminiferal assemblage
172
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CORE DEPTH (m)
OB-43 1.00-1.25 F
OB-45 0.75-1.00 F
OB-45 3.00-3.25 F
OB-45 4.75-5.00 F
OB-48 2.25-2.50
OB-48 4.75-5.00 R
R
OB-50 3.25-3.60 R
OB-52 3.75-4.00
OB-53 1.25-1.50
OB-53 2.75-3.00
OB-53 3.30-3.50
OB-53 4.75-5.00
OB-53 5.25-5.50
OB-53 6.25-6.50
OB-59 4.75-5.00
OB-59 5.89-6.00
OB-59 6.75-7.00 F
OB-59 7.80-8.20
OB-92 5.50
OB-92 6.00
OB-94 1.00
OB-103 5.00
OB-103 5.90 R C
OB-105 1.50 F R C
OB-105 4.50 F C
OB-105 7.50 F R c
OB-105 9.10 F
OB-127 4.50
OB-127 5.50
OB-127 7.00
OB-127 8.00 R R
OB-129 2.50 R R F
OB-129 4.00 R
OB-129 5.50 R
OB-131 3.00 R
OB-131 6.59 F
OB-132 1.50
OB-132 2.00 F
F
OB-132 2.50 F
C
OB-132 3.50 K
C
OB-132 4.10 R
173
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CORE DEPTH (o)
OB-43 1.00-1.25
OB-45 0.75-1.00 7 R • • . •
OB-45 3.00-3.25 R 7 R . • • •
OB-45 4.75-5.00 R 7 . • • • ....
OB-48 2.25-2.50 R 7 R R
OB-48 4.75-5.00 R R 7 R 7
OB-50 3.25-3.60 R 7 7 R R
OB-52 3.75-4.00
OB-53 1.25-2.50
OB-53 2.75-3.00
OB-53 3.30-3.50
OB-53 4.75-5.00
OB-53 5.25-5.50
OB-53 6.25-6.50
OB-59 4.75-5.00
OB-59 5.89-6.00 R
OB-59 6.75-7.00
OB-59 7.80-8.20 R
OB-92 5.50
OB-92 6.00
OB-94 1.00
OB-103 5.00
0B-103 5.90
OB-105 1.50 R R 7 R R R 7
PC
OB-105 4.50 R 7 7 R R 7
OB-105 7.50 R 7 7 R R 7
OB-105 9.10 R R R R 7
•Pi
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OB-127 4.50
•
OB-127 5.50 ....• • « • • • • • • • • •
•
OB-127 7.00 ....• • • • • • • • • • • •
•
OB-127 8.00 ....• • • • • • • . • • • • • • • •
OB-129 2.50 • • • • R R 7 R R
OB-129 4.00 R R• . . • R 7 7
OB-129 5.50
OB-131 3.00 R R .... R ....
OB-131 6.59 R• . . • R .... r
OB-132 1.50 R R R 7 .... . • . .
OB-132 2.00
OR-132 2.50 R R .... F R 7
174
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CORE DEPTH (m)
0B-A3 1.00-1.25
OB-45 0.75-1.00 F
OB-45 3.00-3.25 F F
OB-45 4.75-5.00 F F
OB-48 2.25-2.50 R F
OB-48 4.75-5.00 F F
OB-50 3.25-3.60 R F
OB-52 3.75-4.00
OB-53 1.25-1.50
OB-53 2.75-3.00
OB-53 3.30-3.50
OB-53 4.75-5.00
OB-53 5.25-5.50
OB-53 6.25-6.50
OB-53 7.80-8.20
OB-59 4.75-5.00
P. ....
OB-59 5.89-6.00
OB-59 6.75-7.00
OB-59 7.80-8.20 R R .. ..
OB-92 5.50
OB-92 6.00
OB-94 1.00
OB-103 5.00
OB-103 5.90
OB-105 1.50
OB-105 4.50
OB-105 7.50
OB-105 9.10
OB-127 4.50
OB-127 5.50
OB-127 7.00
OB-127 8.00
OB-129 2.50
OB-129 4.00
OB-129 5.50
OB-131 3.00
OB-131 6.59
OB-132 1.50
OB-132 2.00
OB-132 2.50
OB-132 3.50
OB-132 4.10
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CORE DEPTH (m)
OB-43 1.00-1.25 .... .... .... .... 2.9 aaaa 39.2 .... a a««« 1,0 aaaa
OB-45 0.75-1.00 • • • • a a a a A A A A a a a a a a a a aaaa 11.0 aaaa aaaa 0.3 aaaa
OB-45 3.00-3.25 « • • • a a a a A A a A 0.7 aaaa 32.6 aaaa 0.7 0.3
OB-45 4.75-5.00 • • • « . a a a a 0.3 1.7 a a a a aaaa 31.0 aaaa 0.3 0.3
OB-48 2.25-2.50 « • • • a a A a A . > . .0.3 a a a a aaaa 11.0 aaaa 0.3
OB-48 4.75-5.00 « • • • a a a a -AAA l.Q aaaa aaaa 15.0 0.7 aaaa 0.7
0B-50 3.25-3.60 0.3 a a a a A A A A ...a aa.* aaaa 32.8 0.3 0.7 0.3
OB-52 3.75-4.00 « • • « a a a a a a a a A A A A a a a a aaaa aaaa .1.0 aaaa AAAA
OB-53 1.25-1.50 • • • • a a a a a a a a A A A A 3.7 aaaa aaaa 59.2 0.8 0.6 aaaa
OB-53 2.75-3.00 a . . . a a a a a a a • 1.2 a a a a 0.6 aaaa 71.5 aaaa 0.6 aaaa*
OB-53 3.30-3.50 0.6 0.3 69.0 aaaa 0.3 aaaa
OB-53 4.75-5.00 a a a a a a a a 2.2 aaaa aaaa 61.2 0.3 aaaa
OB-53 5.25-5.50 a « a • a a a a a a a a Í.7 1.3 aaaa 56.7 0.3 aaaa
OB-53 6.25-6.50 a a a a a a a a A A A A 2.6 0.3 57.3 0.3 0.3
OB-59 4.75-5.00 • • • • a a a a A A A A a a a a aaaa aaaa 0.3 aaaa AAAA
OB-59 5.89-6.00 • • • • a a a a A A A A 0.3 aaaa 0.3 34.7 1.0 AAAA
OB-59 6.75-7.00 • • a • A A A A 1.6 aaaa aaaa 44.6 0.3 aaaa
OB-59 7.80-8.20 • • • • a a a a . A A A a a a a aaaa aaaa 6.3 aaaa 0.3
OB-92 3.50 a a a a A A A A 0.3 aaaa aaaa 96.1 0.3 aaaa
OB-92 6.00 a a a a a a a a A A A A 1.3 aaaa aaaa 90.8 aaaa 2.3
OB-94 1.00 a a • * a a a a 0.9 3.0 aaaa aaaa 53.3 aaaa 1.2
OB-103 5.00- a a a a A A A A 1.0 aaaa aaaa 22.0 0.6 0.6 1,6
OB-1Q3 5.90 a a a a A A A A 0.6 aaaa 0.6 45.6 aaaa 1.3
OB-105 1.50 a a a a 1.3 A A A A 3.6 0.3 aaaa 30.0. 0.3 1.7 3.0
OB-105 4.50 a a a a a a a a A A A A 1.3 aaaa 0.3 41.8 0.3 6.6
OB-105 7.50 a a a a a a a a A A A A 2.2 0.6 12.3 0.6 15,4 A A «‘a
OB-105 9.10 a a a a a a a a A A A A 13.4 2.6 2.6 3,3 1.6 a A a A
OB-127 4.50 a a a a a a a a A A A A a a a a aaaa 0.3 13.0 0.3 aaaa 12.3 aaaa
OB-127 5.50 a a a a a a a a A A A A 0.6 0.3 aaaa 7.1 aaaa aaaa 13.7 aaaa
OB-127 7.00 a a a a a a a a A A A A 4.2 0.3 0.3 13,0 aaaa 1,3 5.8 0.3
OB-127 8.00 a a a a a a a a a a a a A A A A 5.1 0.3 1.0 6.4 aaaa 1.0 4.2 AAAA
OB-129 2.50 a a a a 0.3 a a a a A A A A 5.2 1.2 25.8 aaaa 4.5 0.3
OB-129 4.00 a a a a • A a a a a t a .... 2.0 0.7 28.7 aaaa aaaa 2.6 aaaa
OB-129 5.50 a a a a a a a a a a a a A A A A 0.7 aaaa 0.7 26.3 aaaa aaaa 0.7 aaaa
OB-131 3.00 • a a • a a a a a a a a 0.7 0.3 aaaa aaaa 1.6 aaaa aaaa 1,0 aaaa
OB-131 6.59 a a a a a a a a 0.6 0.9 aaaa 0.6 15.2 aaaa aaaa aaaa
OB-132 1.50 a a a a a a a a 5.2 aaaa 1.0 7.5 aaaa 3.6 aaaa
OB-132 2.00 a a a a a a a a A A A A 2.7 aaaa aaaa 8.3 aaaa 2,3 aaaa
OB-132 2.50 a a a a a a a a A A A A 2.7 aaaa 1.0 9.3 aaaa 0.3 1.7 aaaa
OB-132 3.50 a a a a A A A A 0.3 aaaa 1.0 15.8 aaaa aaaa 2.0 aaaa
OB-132 4.10 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aaaa 0.3 4.2 aaaa 0.3 2.3 aaaa
176
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CORE DEPTH (m)
OB-43 1.00-1.25 1.6 14.7 1.6 0.3
OB-45 0.75-1.00 • • • « .0.9 22.7 12.2 2.1 0.6 a a a a
OB-45 3.00-3.25 « • • • 14.0 9.0 3.0 3.3 a a a a a a a a
OB-45 4.75-5.00 0.3 6.9 14.9 1,0 4.3 1.3 0.3 a a a a
OB-48 2.25-2.50 • • • • 14.6 0.7 0.3 19.3 m m ^ m 9,6 1,3 3.7 0.3
OB-48 4.75-5.00 • • • • 1.6 • • • • 14.1 1.6 7.2 2.9 0.3
OB-50 3.25-3.60 • •• • 13.8 • • • • 0.3 7.5 1,0 a a a a a a a a 0.3 a a a a
OB-52 3.75-4.00 • • • • 0.3 • • « • 14.0 79,1 a a a a 1.7 a a a a a a a a
OB-53 1.25-1.50 • • • • 31.0 0.8 0.3 0.6 1.4 a a a a a a a a
OB-53 2.75-3.00 0.3 10.4 0.3 0.9
OB-53 3.30-3.50 • • • • 6.9 0.3 0.9 0.3 ^ « 0.9 0.3 a a a a a a . a
OB-53 4,75-5.00 0.3 27.2 0.6 m » m » 0.6 0.3 a a a a . a a a a a a a
OB-53 5.25-5.50 1.0 29.0 m ^ m m m m m m a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-53 6.25-6.50 0.3 24.3 0.6 1.0
OB-59 4.75-5.00 • • * • • • e • 18.2 68.7 3.9 1.3 a a a a a a a a 0.3
OB-59 5.89-6.00 « • • • 14.3 21,3 14.7 1,0 2.0 0.3 a a a a
OB-59 6.75-7.00 • • • • 35.7 2.3 2.3 a a a a 1,0 a a a a
OB-59 7.80-8.20 • • • • 0.3 0.3 0.3 5.4 10.8 2.2 a a a a a a a a
OB-92 5.50 • • • « 2.3 0.7 m » M » a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-92 6.00 3,0 0.7 0.7 M m m » a a a a 0.7 a a a a a a a a
OB-94 1.00 • • • • 34.5 2.1 0.3 a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-103 5.00 • • • • 19.1 1,6 ... a a a a a a a a a 0.3 0.3
OB-103 5.90 0.3 12.3 1.3 • • . • a a a a a a a a a a a a 0.6
OB-105 1,50 • • • • 2,0 2,6 • • • « a a a a a a a a a a a a 6.3
OB-105 4.50 0.3 2.6 • • • • • • • • 1.0 • • • • a a a a a a a a a a a a 8.6
OB-105 7.50 0.9 18.5 • • • • • • • • 2.2 • ? a a a a a a 0.3 0.9 7.1
OB-105 9.10 • • • • 8.5 • • • • • • • • 3.9 asa* 0.3 a a a a 4.2 32.2
OB-127 4.50 1.3 25.6 • • • • 1.0 a a a a a a a a 0.3 a a a a 1.0
OB-127 5.50 0.3 19.6 • • • • 0.9 a a a a a a a a 0.3 0.3 2.2
OB-127 7.00 1.0 20.5 • ? • • 2.6 a a a a a a a a a a a a 0.3 9.7
OB-127 8.00 0.3 14.1 • • • * • • • • a a a a 1.0 a a a a 1.0 40.9
OB-129 2.50 0.3 6.7 0.9 • • • • 2.4 a a a a 0.3 1.2 a a a a 1.5
OB-129 4.00 • • • • 5.2 3.9 2.6 a a a a 1.0 1.3 a a a a 0.3
OB-129 5.50 7.7 1.0 6.3 a a a a 3.0 a a a a a a a a 2.3
OB-131 3.00 • • • • 57.3 a a a a 7.5 3.6 asas a a a •
OB-131 6.59 2.1 40.0 7,6 7.3 6.1 a a a a a a * a
OB-132 1.50 27.8 0.3 4.2 . . a . 2.3 10.1 0.3 0.3
OB-132 2.00 32.6 5.3 a a a 0.7 8.3 0.3 0.7a
OB-132 2.50 19.9 7.0 1.0 0.7 9.6 1.0 2.0
OB-132 3.50 1.7 26.4 6.6 0.3 3.6 4.6 0.3 1.0
OB-132 4.10 23.8 26.4 5.9 * a a a 2.3 2.0 a a a a 3.3
177
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CORE DEPTH (m)
0B-A3 1.00-1.25 1.6 24.8 0.3 0.3
0B-A5 0.75-1.00 • • • « • • • • 3.9 • • • « 0.3 1.2 . a a a
0B-A5 3.00-3.25 ? • • • • • • • 3.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 4.7 a a a a
OB-45 4.75-5.00 • 0.3 1.7 0.3 a a a a 0.3 2.6 a a a a• • •
OB-48 2.25-2.50 • • • • 0.3 1.3 0.3 • • • • a a a a 16.6 a a a a
OB-48 4.75-5.00 • • • • 2.0 3.3 • • • • 0.3 21.9
OB-50 3.25-3.60 0.3 • • • • 2.0 1.3 • • • • 5.2
OB-52 3.75-4.00 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0.7 a a a a 0.3
OB-53 1.25-1.50 • « • « • • • • 0.6 « • • • a a a a a a a a
OB-53 2.75-3.00 • • • • • • • • • • • • 2.9 • • • • 0.3 0.3 a a a a
OB-53 3.30-3.50 • • • • • « • « • • • • 10.7 0.9 « • • • a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-53 4.75-5.00 • • • • • • • « • • • « 2.6 0.3 • • • • a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-53 5.25-5.50 • • • • • • • • 0.3 5.3 • • • • a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-53 6.25-6.50 • • • • • • • « 6.8 0.6 • • • • a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-59 4.75-5.00 « • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • « • a a a a 0.3 0.3 a a a a
OB-59 5.89-6.00 • • • • • • • • 1.7 • • • • « « • • a a a a 1.0 a a a a
OB-59 6.75-7.00 • • • • 2.0 2.0 • • • • 0.3 a a a a 1.0 a a a a
OB-59 7.80-8.20 3.2 3.8 • • • • 0.6 0.3 19.0 a a a a
OB-92 5.50 • • • • 0.3 • • « • a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-92 6.00 • • • • • • • • • • • • a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-94 1.00 * • • • • • • • 2.4 0.3 • • • « a a a a a a a •
ÜB-103 5.00 • • • • 1.0 5.5 • « • • a a a a 7.8
0B-103 5.90 • • • • 0.6 6.8 • • • • a a a a 4.5
OB-105 1.50 • • • « 0.7 3.6 1.7 0.7 0.7 3.3 0.7
OB-105 4.50 • • • • 0.7 7.2 1.3 3.6 a a a a 2.6 0.3
OB-105 7.50 • • • • 0.6 10.2 0.3 3.4 0.3 0.9 1.5 a a a a
OB-105 9.10- • • • • • • • « 1.6 • • • • • a a a 2.3 a a a a
OB-127 4.50 • • • • 1.7 U.3 • • • • • a • • 0.3 5.0 a a a a
OB-127 5.50 0.6 15.5 2.2 3.4 0.6 0.6 3.1 a a a a
OB-127 7.00 0.3 1.9 14.3 0.6 2.9 1.0 4.2 a a a a
OB-127 8.00 1.3 4.2 0.6 • a « • 1.6 5.1 a a a a
OB-129 2.50 0.6 10.3 0.9 • a a a 8.8 a a a a
OB-129 4.00 1.3 5.2 2.6 a a a a 13.7 a a a a
OB-129 5.50 1.3 6.3 0.3 0.3 14.7 a a a a
OB-131 3.00 • • • • 1.3 • • • • a a a a a a a a 3.6 a a a a
OB-131 6.59 • • • • • • • • • • • • a a a a a a a a 0.6
OB-132 1.50 0.3 4.9 10.5 1.3 1.0 0.3 3.3 5.2 a a a a
OB-132 2.00 0.3 4.3 14.3 • • • • 0.7 a a a a 3.7 4.0
OB-132 2.50 • • • • 3.7 19.3 0.3 1.0 a a a a 1.3 5.3
OB-132 3.50 a a • a 4.0 11.2 1.0 1.0 a a a a 2.0 5.0
OB-132 4.10 • • • • 4.6 6.8 4.9 3.6 a a a a 0.7 3.3 a a a a
173
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CORE DEPTH (m)
OB-43 1.00-1.25 1.0
0B-A5 0.75-1.00 0.00 0 . . .
OB-45 3.00-3.25 1.0 ....
OB-45 4.75-5.00 1.7 0.7
OB-Afl 2.25-2.50 0.3
OB-48 4.75-5.00 1.0 a a a a
OB-50 3.25-3.60 • • • • 19.7 0 3 0.7 • • • • • • • • • * • • a a a a
OB-52 3.75-4.00 0 0 0 0 0.3
OB-53 1.25-1.50 0.3 • • • • • • • • .... 0.3
OB-53 2.75-3.00 • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.3 • • • • • • • •
OB-53 3.30-3.50 • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 • • a •
OB-53 4.75-5.00 • « • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0.3 ....
OB-33 5.25-5.50 • • • • • • • • • • • « 0 0 0 0 0.00 1.0 • e • • a a • •
CB-53 6.25-6.50 • • « • • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 a • a •
OB-59 4.75-5.00 • • • • • • • • 0 0 0 0 1.0
OB-59 5.89-6.00 • • • • • • • • 0.3 0.3
OB-59 6.75-7.00 • • • • • • 0 • 0 0.0 2.3 a a a a
OB-59 7.80-8.20 0 0 0 • 22.2 0.6
OB-92 5.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • • • • • a a a a
OB-92 6.00 • • • * • • • • • « • •
OB-94 1.00 0.00 • • • • 0.6
0B-103 5.00 0.3 0 6 • • • • 0.00
0B-103 5.90 0.3 1.6 • • s • 0 0.0 a a a a
OB-105 1.50 0.3 1.7 1 0 0 0 0 0 a a a a
OB-105 4.50 1.3 0 3 0 0.0 0.7 a a a a
OB-105 7.50 • • • • 0.3 • 0 • • 0.6 a a a a
OB-105 9.10 • • • • 0 0 0 0 1 0 • • • * 1.0
OB-127 4.50 • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 3 • • • • 0.7
OB-127 5.50 0.3 0.9 0 9 • • • • 0 0 0 0 0.3 a a a a
OB-127 7.00 0 0 0 0 2.3 0 6 0.3 • • • • • • • * a a a a
OB-127 8.00 • O 0 0 0.3 2 2 2.6 • • • • 0.3 a a a a 0 a a a a
OB-129 2.50 • « * • 2.7 0.3 1.8 • • • •
OB-129 4.00 • • • • 1.6 • * « • • • • • • • a • 0.3
OB-129 5.50 • • • • 0 3 • • • • • • • « • • • •
OB-131 3.00 « • • • 2.3 • • • • • • • • • « • •
OB-131 6.59 • • • * 1.5 0.3 • 0 • • 0.3
OB-13 2 1.50 • • • • 0.3 0 7 5.2
OB-13 2 2.00 • 0 • • 0.3 1.3 ? • • • 2.0
OB-132 2.50 1.3 1.0 1 0 • • • • 2.0
OB-132 3.50 • • • • 1.0 0 3 • ? • • 2.3
OB-132 4.10 • • • • 1.6 0 3 0 • • •
179
COE£ DEPTH (m)
OB-43 1.00-1.25 .... 0.3
OB-45 0.75-1.00 .... 2.7 12.5
OB-45 3.00-3.25 2.3
OB-45 4.75-5.00 2.6
OB-48 2.25-2.50 4.3 0.3
OB-48 4.75-5.00 2.0 1.0 0.3
OB-50 3.25-3.60 0.3 0.3 0.7
OB-52 3.75-4.00 1.3 0.3 1.0
OB-53 1.25-1.50 ....
OB-53 2.75-3.00 .... 0.3
OB-53 3.30-3.50 0.3 ....
OB-53 4.75-5.00 ....
OB-53 5.25-5.50 ....
OB-53 6.25-6.50 .... ... 0.3
OB-59 4.75-5.00 1.0 4.6 ....
OB-59 5.89-6.00 1.3 0.3 2.7 0.3
OB-59 6.75-7.00 0.7 0.7 ....
OB-59 7.80-8.20 0.6 0*3 •••• 0*3 •••• 0*3
OB-92 5.50
OB-92 6.00 ....
OB-94 1.00
OB-103 5.00
OB-103 5.90 0.3 ?••• •••« X»3 •••• ••••' •••• ••••
OB-105 1.50 2.0 **** •••• X«0 •••• «••• ••••
OB-105 4.50 1.6 0.3
OB-105 7.50 0.9 0.9 0.3
OB-105 9.10 3.3 0.3
OB-127 4.50 0.7
OB-127 5.50 .... 0.9
OB-127 7.00 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6
OB-127 8.00 1.6 0.3 0.3
OB-129 2.50 0.3 3.6
OB-129 4.00 .... 3.6
OB-129 5.50 0.7 •••• 3*3 0*7 0»7 •4*« ••••
OB-131 3.00 2.9 1.6
OB-131 6.59 2.1 1.2 0.6
OB-132 1.50 1.6
OB-132 2.00 4.0 0.7 1.3
OB-132 2.50 2.3 0.7 0.7 .... 2.0 0.3
OB-132 3.50 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 •••• •••• ••••
OB-132 4.10 1.0 0.3
180
CORE DEPTH (n)
0B-A3 1.00-1.25 • • • • a a • a 10.1
0B-A5 0.75-1.00 • • • • a a a a 28.4 • • . >
OB-45 3.00-3.25 • • • • 0.3 23.3 a a a a
OB-45 4.75-5.00 0.3 26.4 a a a a
OB-48 2.25-2.50 14.3 a a a a
OB-48 4.75-5.00 a a a a 23.2 a a a a
OB-50 3.25-3.60 • • • • a a a a 11.8
OB-52 3.75-4.00 • • • • a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-53 1.25-1.50 • • • • a a a a 0.6 a a a a
OB-53 2.75-3.00 a a a a 7.5 3.5
OB-53 3.30-3.50 a a a a 3.8 3.8
PB-53 4.75-5.00 2.6 1.0-
OB-53 5.25-5.50Í 2.7 0.7
OB-53 6.25-6.50 a a a a 3.9 0.6
OB-59 4.75-5.00 a a a a a a a a a a a a
OB-59 5.89-6.00 a a a a 2.0 a a a a
OB-59 6.75-7.00 3.0 0.3
OB-59 7.80-8.20 21.9 a a a a
OB-92 5.50 a a a a a a a a
OB-92 6.00 0.3 0.3
OB-94 1.00 0.3 0.9
OB-103 5.00 2.9 34.6 a a a a
OB-103 5.90 2.3 19.4 a a a a
OB-105 1.50 11.9 1.7 18.2 a a a a
OB-105 4.50 1.3 a a a a 15.5 a a a a
OB-105 7.50 0.9 0.6 16.6 0.3
0B~105 9.10 • • • • 0.3 17.6 a a a a
OB-127 4.50 1.3 3.0 18.3 0.3
OB-127 5.50 1.2 1.2 21.4 0.3
OB-127 7.00 1.3 1.6 6.8 a a a a
OB-127 8.00 • • • • a a a a 4.2 a a a a
OB-129 2.50 0.3 a a a a 19.7
OB-129 4.00 0.7 a a a a 22.8
OB-129 5.50 • • • • a a a a 24.3 a a a a
OB-131 3.00 • • « • 14.3 « * a a
OB-131 6.59 • a • • 12.4 a a a a
OB-132 1.50 2.6 a a a a
OB-132 2.00 2.0 a a a a
OB-132 2.50 0.3 1.3 a a a a
OB-132 3.50 0.7 5.0 a a a a
OB-132 4.10 a a a a 2.3 a a o •