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    Impact of United States political sanctions on international collaborations and research in Iran

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    Author
    Kokabisaghi, Fatemeh; Miller, Andrew C; Bashar, Farshid R; Salesi, Mahmood; Zarchi, Ali A K; Keramatfar, Abdalsamad; Pourhoseingholi, Mohammad A; Amini, Hosein; Vahedian-Azimi, Amir
    Abstract
    International research collaborations improve individual, institutional and governmental capacities to respond to health crises and inequalities but may be greatly affected by political environments. Iran ranks highly in tertiary education, productivity growth, knowledge impact and successful patent applications. In many countries, economic hardship has correlated with increased international research collaborations. Some have hypothesised that financial constraint drives scholars to seek outside collaborations for cost and risk sharing, and to access funding, materials and patient populations otherwise unavailable. This paper explores the history and importance of US political sanctions on the health of Iran’s academic sector. Although Iran’s international research collaborations increased during periods of increased sanctions, the Pearson correlation coefficient between gross domestic product and international research collaborations was not significant (r=0.183, p=0.417). This indicates that other factors are at least in part responsible. Additionally, we found Iran’s quantitative (eg, publication number) and qualitative (eg, visibility indices) publishing metrics to be discordant (two-tailed Mann–Kendall trend; p<0.0002 for both). Reasons for this are multifactorial, including increased indexing of Iranian journals, willingness of lower visibility journals to handle manuscripts with Iranian authors, widespread linkage of career advancement to science visibility indices, and others. During periods of increased sanctions, Iranian scholars were increasingly denied opportunities to publish scientific findings, attend scientific meetings, access to essential medical and laboratory supplies and information resources. We conclude that academic boycotts violate researchers’ freedom and curtail progress. Free exchange of ideas irrespective of creed is needed to optimize global scientific progress.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8127
    Date
    2019-06-17
    Citation:
    APA:
    Kokabisaghi, Fatemeh, & Miller, Andrew C, & Bashar, Farshid R, & Salesi, Mahmood, & Zarchi, Ali A K, & Keramatfar, Abdalsamad, & Pourhoseingholi, Mohammad A, & Amini, Hosein, & Vahedian-Azimi, Amir. (June 2019). Impact of United States political sanctions on international collaborations and research in Iran. BMJ Global Health, (e001692. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8127

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    MLA:
    Kokabisaghi, Fatemeh, and Miller, Andrew C, and Bashar, Farshid R, and Salesi, Mahmood, and Zarchi, Ali A K, and Keramatfar, Abdalsamad, and Pourhoseingholi, Mohammad A, and Amini, Hosein, and Vahedian-Azimi, Amir. "Impact of United States political sanctions on international collaborations and research in Iran". BMJ Global Health. . (e001692.), June 2019. March 08, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8127.
    Chicago:
    Kokabisaghi, Fatemeh and Miller, Andrew C and Bashar, Farshid R and Salesi, Mahmood and Zarchi, Ali A K and Keramatfar, Abdalsamad and Pourhoseingholi, Mohammad A and Amini, Hosein and Vahedian-Azimi, Amir, "Impact of United States political sanctions on international collaborations and research in Iran," BMJ Global Health 4, no. (June 2019), http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8127 (accessed March 08, 2021).
    AMA:
    Kokabisaghi, Fatemeh, Miller, Andrew C, Bashar, Farshid R, Salesi, Mahmood, Zarchi, Ali A K, Keramatfar, Abdalsamad, Pourhoseingholi, Mohammad A, Amini, Hosein, Vahedian-Azimi, Amir. Impact of United States political sanctions on international collaborations and research in Iran. BMJ Global Health. June 2019; 4() e001692. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8127. Accessed March 08, 2021.
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