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    The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out

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    Author
    Cousins, Ian T.; Goldenman, Gretta; Herzke, Dorte; Lohmann, Rainer; Miller, Mark; Ng, Carla A.; Patton, Sharyle; Scheringer, Martin; Trier, Xenia; Vierke, Lena; Wang, Zhanyun; DeWitt, Jamie C.
    Abstract
    Because of the extreme persistence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their associated risks, the Madrid Statement argues for stopping their use where they are deemed not essential or when safer alternatives exist. To determine when uses of PFASs have an essential function in modern society, and when they do not, is not an easy task. Here, we: (1) develop the concept of “essential use” based on an existing approach described in the Montreal Protocol, (2) apply the concept to various uses of PFASs to determine the feasibility of elimination or substitution of PFASs in each use category, and (3) outline the challenges for phasing out uses of PFASs in society. In brief, we developed three distinct categories to describe the different levels of essentiality of individual uses. A phase-out of many uses of PFASs can be implemented because they are not necessary for the betterment of society in terms of health and safety, or because functional alternatives are currently available that can be substituted into these products or applications. Some specific uses of PFASs would be considered essential because they provide for vital functions and are currently without established alternatives. However, this essentiality should not be considered as permanent; rather, constant efforts are needed to search for alternatives. We provide a description of several ongoing uses of PFASs and discuss whether these uses are essential or non-essential according to the three essentiality categories. It is not possible to describe each use case of PFASs in detail in this single article. For follow-up work, we suggest further refining the assessment of the use cases of PFASs covered here, where necessary, and expanding the application of this concept to all other uses of PFASs. The concept of essential use can also be applied in the management of other chemicals, or groups of chemicals, of concern.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8325
    Date
    2019-05-27
    Citation:
    APA:
    Cousins, Ian T., & Goldenman, Gretta, & Herzke, Dorte, & Lohmann, Rainer, & Miller, Mark, & Ng, Carla A., & Patton, Sharyle, & Scheringer, Martin, & Trier, Xenia, & Vierke, Lena, & Wang, Zhanyun, & DeWitt, Jamie C.. (May 2019). The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out. , (), - . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8325

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    MLA:
    Cousins, Ian T., and Goldenman, Gretta, and Herzke, Dorte, and Lohmann, Rainer, and Miller, Mark, and Ng, Carla A., and Patton, Sharyle, and Scheringer, Martin, and Trier, Xenia, and Vierke, Lena, and Wang, Zhanyun, and DeWitt, Jamie C.. "The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out". . . (), May 2019. September 21, 2023. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8325.
    Chicago:
    Cousins, Ian T. and Goldenman, Gretta and Herzke, Dorte and Lohmann, Rainer and Miller, Mark and Ng, Carla A. and Patton, Sharyle and Scheringer, Martin and Trier, Xenia and Vierke, Lena and Wang, Zhanyun and DeWitt, Jamie C., "The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out," , no. (May 2019), http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8325 (accessed September 21, 2023).
    AMA:
    Cousins, Ian T., Goldenman, Gretta, Herzke, Dorte, Lohmann, Rainer, Miller, Mark, Ng, Carla A., Patton, Sharyle, Scheringer, Martin, Trier, Xenia, Vierke, Lena, Wang, Zhanyun, DeWitt, Jamie C.. The concept of essential use for determining when uses of PFASs can be phased out. . May 2019; (): . http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8325. Accessed September 21, 2023.
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