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    Voluntary Restoration: Mitigation's Silent Partner in the Quest to Reverse Coastal Wetland Loss in the USA

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    Author
    Gittman, Rachel K.; Baillie, Christopher J.; Arkema, Katie K.; Bennett, Richard O.; Benoit, Jeff; Blitch, Seth; Brun, Julien; Chatwin, Anthony; Colden, Allison; Dausman, Alyssa; DeAngelis, Bryan; Herold, Nathaniel; Henkel, Jessica; Houge, Rachel; Howard, Ronald; Hughes, A. Randall; Scyphers, Steven B.; Shostik, Tisa; Sutton-Grier, Ariana; Grabowski, Jonathan H.
    Abstract
    Coastal ecosystems are under pressure from a vast array of anthropogenic stressors, including development and climate change, resulting in significant habitat losses globally. Conservation policies are often implemented with the intent of reducing habitat loss. However, losses already incurred will require restoration if ecosystem functions and services are to be recovered. The United States has a long history of wetland loss and recognizes that averting loss requires a multi-pronged approach including mitigation for regulated activities and non-mitigation (voluntary herein) restoration. The 1989 “No Net Loss” (NNL) policy stated the Federal government's intent that losses of wetlands would be offset by at least as many gains of wetlands. However, coastal wetlands losses result from both regulated and non-regulated activities. We examined the effectiveness of Federally funded, voluntary restoration efforts in helping avert losses of coastal wetlands by assessing: (1) What are the current and past trends in coastal wetland change in the U.S.?; and (2) How much and where are voluntary restoration efforts occurring? First, we calculated palustrine and estuarine wetland change in U.S. coastal shoreline counties using data from NOAA's Coastal Change Analysis Program, which integrates both types of potential losses and gains. We then synthesized available data on Federally funded, voluntary restoration of coastal wetlands. We found that from 1996 to 2010, the U.S. lost 139,552 acres (~565 km2) of estuarine wetlands (2.5% of 1996 area) and 336,922 acres (~1,363 km2) of palustrine wetlands (1.4%). From 2006 to 2015, restoration of 145,442 acres (~589 km2) of estuarine wetlands and 154,772 acres (~626 km2) of palustrine wetlands occurred. Further, wetland losses and restoration were not always geographically aligned, resulting in local and regional “winners” and “losers.” While these restoration efforts have been considerable, restoration and mitigation collectively have not been able to keep pace with wetland losses; thus, reversing this trend will likely require greater investment in coastal habitat conservation and restoration efforts. We further conclude that “area restored,” the most prevalent metric used to assess progress, is inadequate, as it does not necessarily equate to restoration of functions. Assessing the effectiveness of wetland restoration not just in the U.S., but globally, will require allocation of sufficient funding for long-term monitoring of restored wetland functions, as well as implementation of standardized methods for monitoring data collection, synthesis, interpretation, and application.
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8363
    Subject
    marsh, conservation, coastal management, habitat loss, ecosystem function
    Date
    2019-08-28
    Citation:
    APA:
    Gittman, Rachel K., & Baillie, Christopher J., & Arkema, Katie K., & Bennett, Richard O., & Benoit, Jeff, & Blitch, Seth, & Brun, Julien, & Chatwin, Anthony, & Colden, Allison, & Dausman, Alyssa, & DeAngelis, Bryan, & Herold, Nathaniel, & Henkel, Jessica, & Houge, Rachel, & Howard, Ronald, & Hughes, A. Randall, & Scyphers, Steven B., & Shostik, Tisa, & Sutton-Grier, Ariana, & Grabowski, Jonathan H.. (August 2019). Voluntary Restoration: Mitigation's Silent Partner in the Quest to Reverse Coastal Wetland Loss in the USA. Frontiers in Marine Science, (6:511), p.. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8363

    Display/Hide MLA, Chicago and APA citation formats.

    MLA:
    Gittman, Rachel K., and Baillie, Christopher J., and Arkema, Katie K., and Bennett, Richard O., and Benoit, Jeff, and Blitch, Seth, and Brun, Julien, and Chatwin, Anthony, and Colden, Allison, and Dausman, Alyssa, and DeAngelis, Bryan, and Herold, Nathaniel, and Henkel, Jessica, and Houge, Rachel, and Howard, Ronald, and Hughes, A. Randall, and Scyphers, Steven B., and Shostik, Tisa, and Sutton-Grier, Ariana, and Grabowski, Jonathan H.. "Voluntary Restoration: Mitigation's Silent Partner in the Quest to Reverse Coastal Wetland Loss in the USA". Frontiers in Marine Science. 6:511. (.), August 2019. August 17, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8363.
    Chicago:
    Gittman, Rachel K. and Baillie, Christopher J. and Arkema, Katie K. and Bennett, Richard O. and Benoit, Jeff and Blitch, Seth and Brun, Julien and Chatwin, Anthony and Colden, Allison and Dausman, Alyssa and DeAngelis, Bryan and Herold, Nathaniel and Henkel, Jessica and Houge, Rachel and Howard, Ronald and Hughes, A. Randall and Scyphers, Steven B. and Shostik, Tisa and Sutton-Grier, Ariana and Grabowski, Jonathan H., "Voluntary Restoration: Mitigation's Silent Partner in the Quest to Reverse Coastal Wetland Loss in the USA," Frontiers in Marine Science 6, no. 511 (August 2019), http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8363 (accessed August 17, 2022).
    AMA:
    Gittman, Rachel K., Baillie, Christopher J., Arkema, Katie K., Bennett, Richard O., Benoit, Jeff, Blitch, Seth, Brun, Julien, Chatwin, Anthony, Colden, Allison, Dausman, Alyssa, DeAngelis, Bryan, Herold, Nathaniel, Henkel, Jessica, Houge, Rachel, Howard, Ronald, Hughes, A. Randall, Scyphers, Steven B., Shostik, Tisa, Sutton-Grier, Ariana, Grabowski, Jonathan H.. Voluntary Restoration: Mitigation's Silent Partner in the Quest to Reverse Coastal Wetland Loss in the USA. Frontiers in Marine Science. August 2019; 6(511) . http://hdl.handle.net/10342/8363. Accessed August 17, 2022.
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