Rapid Evolution of Manifold CRISPR Systems for Plant Genome Editing
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Date
2016-11-14
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Authors
Lowder, Levi
Malzahn, Aimee
Qi, Yiping
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Abstract
Advanced CRISPR-Cas9 based technologies first validated in mammalian cell systems
are quickly being adapted for use in plants. These new technologies increase
CRISPR-Cas9’s utility and effectiveness by diversifying cellular capabilities through
expression construct system evolution and enzyme orthogonality, as well as enhanced
efficiency through delivery and expression mechanisms. Here, we review the current
state of advanced CRISPR-Cas9 and Cpf1 capabilities in plants and cover the rapid
evolution of these tools from first generation inducers of double strand breaks for basic
genetic manipulations to second and third generation multiplexed systems with myriad
functionalities, capabilities, and specialized applications. We offer perspective on how to
utilize these tools for currently untested research endeavors and analyze strengths and
weaknesses of novel CRISPR systems in plants. Advanced CRISPR functionalities and
delivery options demonstrated in plants are primarily reviewed but new technologies just
coming to the forefront of CRISPR development, or those on the horizon, are briefly
discussed. Topics covered are focused on the expansion of expression and delivery
capabilities for CRISPR-Cas9 components and broadening targeting range through
orthogonal Cas9 and Cpf1 proteins.
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DOI
10.3389/fpls.2016.01683