A process evaluation of the use of a training protocol integrating biofeedback and neurofeedback in a counseling setting: consideration of the working alliance and treatment satisfaction

Abstract

Often individuals enroll in counseling services during times of distress, seeking help with a variety of situations and conditions. However, many individuals do not complete treatment for a variety of reasons. A possible way of increasing client compliance is to enrich the counseling services provided. While talk therapy is effective, implementing technology into counseling with the use of biofeedback applications may enhance the working alliance, increase treatment satisfaction, and further augment the field of counseling. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary process evaluation of the use of a training protocol integrating biofeedback and neurofeedback applications to alleviate symptomology of mental health conditions. Biofeedback and neurofeedback measurements provide a lens to better understand the physiological basis of mental health conditions. Biofeedback and neurofeedback training allows individuals to interact with their physiology further teaching clients to control and manipulate internal states related to mental health conditions. Participants were clients enrolled for services at a university based counseling clinic and consented to participate in the study (N = 10). Clients engaging in a novel training protocol integrating biofeedback and neurofeedback applications designed to help alleviate symptomology associated with the physiological basis to mental health conditions. The objective data obtained from the biofeedback measurements and the subjective reports given by the clients were used to evaluate the integrated training protocol and explore the research questions. The data obtained in this study was used to construct a prospective model for the implementation of an integrated training protocol into counseling. The model proposes the utilization of biofeedback applications may enrich the counseling experience defined through the working alliance and treatment satisfaction. If clients feel a stronger working alliance and are more satisfied with counseling that implements biofeedback applications, they may be more likely to attend and complete the counseling process. Future research is needed to determine causal relationships between the integrated training protocol and the working alliance and treatment satisfaction