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    How do low horizontal forces produce disproportionately high torques in human locomotion?

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    Author
    Helseth, Joseph; Hortobágyi, Tibor; DeVita, Paul
    Abstract
    Although horizontal ground forces are only ~15% of vertical forces, they account for 47% and 33% of the metabolic cost in walking and running. To explain these disproportionately high metabolic costs we hypothesized that low horizontal ground forces generate relatively high torques on body segments during locomotion and this is mediated by long moment arms. We compared external force moment arms and discreet torques applied to the body segments by horizontal and vertical forces during walking and running. Sixteen subjects (21.9 ± 1.9 years) walked at 1.5 m/s and 10 subjects (23.2 ± 2.0 years) ran at 3.83 m/s. Segmental torques in the sagittal plane were partitioned into components due to horizontal and vertical forces and quantified by their angular impulses. The mean (±S.E.) ratios of horizontal to vertical ground forces (GF ratio) and angular impulses (AI ratio) in walking were 0.131 (±0.003, 95% C.I. 0.124 to 0.137) and 0.530 (±0.018, C.I. 0.497 to 0.569). Results were similar in running. In both gaits the AI ratios were significantly greater than the GF ratios because the respective C.I.s did not overlap. The horizontal forces produced 53% and 41% as much angular impulse on the body segments as did the vertical forces in walking and running despite being only 13% as large. In the two movements the moment arms for the horizontal forces averaged across foot, leg, thigh, and trunk body segments were 3.8 fold larger than those for the vertical forces. The data supported the hypothesis and suggest that the relatively low horizontal vs vertical forces accounted for a disproportionately higher percentage of the angular impulses placed on the body segments and this effect was due to relatively long moment arms for horizontal forces. These results partially explain the relatively large metabolic cost of generating relatively low horizontal forces. Originally published Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 41, No. 8, 2008
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/10342/3297
    Subject
     Walking and running biomechanics; Ground force; Inverse dynamics; Metabolic cost 
    Date
    2008
    Citation:
    APA:
    Helseth, Joseph, & Hortobágyi, Tibor, & DeVita, Paul. (January 2008). How do low horizontal forces produce disproportionately high torques in human locomotion?. Journal of Biomechanics, (41:8), p.1747-1753. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10342/3297

    Display/Hide MLA, Chicago and APA citation formats.

    MLA:
    Helseth, Joseph, and Hortobágyi, Tibor, and DeVita, Paul. "How do low horizontal forces produce disproportionately high torques in human locomotion?". Journal of Biomechanics. 41:8. (1747-1753.), January 2008. March 04, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/3297.
    Chicago:
    Helseth, Joseph and Hortobágyi, Tibor and DeVita, Paul, "How do low horizontal forces produce disproportionately high torques in human locomotion?," Journal of Biomechanics 41, no. 8 (January 2008), http://hdl.handle.net/10342/3297 (accessed March 04, 2021).
    AMA:
    Helseth, Joseph, Hortobágyi, Tibor, DeVita, Paul. How do low horizontal forces produce disproportionately high torques in human locomotion?. Journal of Biomechanics. January 2008; 41(8) 1747-1753. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/3297. Accessed March 04, 2021.
    Collections
    • Kinesiology
    Publisher
    East Carolina University

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