A Comparative Analysis of Mortuary and Domestic Artifacts from Petra’s North Ridge

Abstract

Interpreting the use of material culture in mortuary contexts provides an intimate view of the social identity of both the deceased and the mourners in ancient societies. However, the material remains of mortuary practices throughout the Nabataean Kingdom (3rd century BC - 2nd century AD) have not been sufficiently investigated. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the material culture between contemporary mortuary and domestic contexts will establish a preliminary characterization of uniquely mortuary material culture and highlight objects that have a dual purpose within both spaces. This study focuses on the small finds from occupational or mortuary layers from at least four domestic complexes and five rock-cut shaft chamber tombs located on Petra's North Ridge dating to the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses of the small finds, we found that jewelry items, grinding stones, spindle whorls, figurines, coins, lamps, and lids were found in both contexts, but these artifact types may be more abundant in one context than another. Alternatively, game pieces, scarabs, incense altars, votive carvings and coffin studs are specific to mortuary contexts, while pestles, spindles, and spoons were solely found in domestic contexts. Therefore, this research will provide insight into the social organization and identity of the community living on the North Ridge and shed light on Nabatean views of death, mourning, and the treatment of the deceased.